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Choosing a cat house for your feline friend is no longer just a necessity; it has become a part of home decor. The thought of whether it will match your home's design is an added bonus. Today, cat houses combine comfort, aesthetics, and functionality, adapting to your living space while ensuring your cat feels safe and secure. So, which cat house is truly both stylish and practical? In this article, we'll explore decorative cat house options that appeal to different tastes and discuss what to consider when making your choice. Modern Wooden and Minimalist Cat Houses Wooden cat houses have been one of the most popular choices in recent years. The main reason for this is their durability and how easily they blend with home decor. Advantages of these types of houses: Offers a natural and warm look Long-lasting Integrates perfectly with minimalist decor Especially customizable models make your cat's space more special. Wooden and multi-story models offer both aesthetic and functional options. Luxury Cat Houses with Terraces and Multiple Levels Cats love high places. Therefore, cat houses with terraces and multiple levels are like a playground for them. These models: Provide both sleeping and observation areas Support your cat's natural instincts Satisfy their need for movement and play Moreover, these designs contribute aesthetically by appearing as a decorative object within the home. Fun and Design-Oriented Cat Houses If you don't want an ordinary cat house, design-oriented models are perfect for you. In this category: Fairytale-like Hobbit-style houses Cat houses integrated with furniture Modern geometric designs stand out. These types of models both attract your cat's attention and become a striking decorative element in your home. Affordable and Practical Cat Houses You don't always have to make a high-budget choice. Affordable cat houses can also be quite functional when chosen correctly. These models: Are lightweight and portable Provide basic comfort Are ideal for beginners Many alternatives are available to suit different lifestyles, and cat houses vary according to need. What to Consider When Choosing a Cat House? While a decorative appearance is important, your cat's comfort should always be the priority when choosing. Things to consider: Size: It should be wide enough for your cat to fit comfortably Material: It should be sturdy and safe Cleaning: It should be easy to clean Location: It should be placed in a quiet and peaceful spot Remember, your cat loving the house is the most important criterion. Tips to Make the Cat House More Appealing A newly acquired cat house may not always be immediately adopted. To make it more appealing: You can place a blanket they love inside You can use familiar scents You can place treats near it Especially small incentives with natural treats help your cat adapt to their new space more quickly. Nutrition and Comfort Should Be Considered Together Just as important as your cat's living space, their nutrition directly affects their comfort. A balanced and high-quality diet: Ensures better sleep Reduces stress Increases overall happiness Especially feeding models prepared with 100% fresh ingredients contribute to your cat being more balanced both physically and mentally. This also makes it easier for them to adopt their new spaces faster. Conclusion: Style and Comfort Can Go Hand in Hand Cat houses are no longer just a necessity but also a part of your living space. With the right choice, you can both enhance your cat's comfort and add an aesthetic touch to your home. Remember: Your cat's comfort is always the priority Design and function should be considered together The right choice provides long-term satisfaction To create the most suitable environment for your cat's lifestyle, you should consider not only the space but also their diet. With Kito's "Create a Feeding Plan" feature, you can analyze your cat's needs and provide them with a more balanced and happy life. Their health, your peace of mind. Kito Research Team  

Does a Persian Cat Shed Hair? How Much Do They Shed and How Can It Be Reduced? Persian cats are known for their long and thick fur. Therefore, one of the first questions many people considering adopting this breed ask is: Do Persian cats shed? The short answer is: Yes, Persian cats shed. Moreover, because they are a long-haired breed, the shedding may be more noticeable. However, this can be significantly controlled with proper care and nutrition. In this article, we discuss the reasons for shedding in Persian cats, what is considered normal, and what can be done to reduce shedding. Why Do Persian Cats Shed? Shedding is a natural process for cats. Persian cats are no exception to this process. The main reasons are: Seasonal hair change New hairs replacing old ones The natural cycle of skin health Since they have long hair, the shedding is more visible, which can give the impression that shedding is excessive. When Does Shedding Increase in Persian Cats? Shedding can increase especially during seasonal transitions. Spring and autumn Changes in ambient temperature Differences in daylight hours can affect this process. Although this cycle progresses more steadily in cats living indoors, it does not disappear completely. What Situations Are Not Normal? Not all shedding is considered normal. The following situations require attention: Localized hair loss Redness or sores on the skin Excessive itching Dull and thinning hair These symptoms may indicate: Parasites Allergies Nutritional deficiencies Skin diseases. In such cases, it is recommended to consult a veterinarian. How to Reduce Shedding in Persian Cats? Regular brushing Persian cats' long hair can easily tangle, and dead hair can remain on their coats. Brushing daily or several times a week Removing dead hair Allowing hair to breathe can help control shedding. Nutrition and biotin support Hair health is directly related to nutrition. Especially biotin, Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids, and quality protein sources contribute to stronger and healthier hair. Biotin support: May help strengthen hair follicles May support the balance of hair shedding May contribute to maintaining skin health At this point, products containing biotin and supportive ingredients, such as Kito Skin & Coat Multivitamin, can be included in the daily routine to support hair health. Environment and stress factors Stress can also increase shedding. Environmental changes loneliness disruption of routine can cause stress in cats. Providing a more stable and secure environment is important. Relationship with Hairball Problem Persian cats swallow loose hair when they clean themselves. This can lead to hairball formation over time. Therefore: regular brushing balanced nutrition products that support hairball control are important. Especially malt pastes can help ingested hair pass through the digestive system more easily and support the reduction of hairball formation. At this point: Kito Kitten Malt Paste Kito Spayed and Adult Cat Malt Pastesuch products can be included in the daily care routine according to the cat's age and needs. Conclusion: Shedding is Natural, Manageable Persian cats shed, and this is completely natural. However: regular care proper nutrition and appropriate living conditions can keep this process under control. The important thing is to distinguish between normal shedding and shedding caused by health issues. Supporting Your Cat's Hair Health Your cat's hair quality and shedding condition are closely related to its overall health. Therefore, a balanced diet is important. A feeding approach that is supported by fresh ingredients tailored to your furry friend and shaped according to their needs plays an important role not only in hair health but also in overall quality of life. Resources International Cat Care https://icatcare.org Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center American Veterinary Medical Association https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/cat-care VCA Animal Hospitals https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cat-shedding

Dogs supported with the right nutrients, especially during their growth period, can be observed to have brighter coats, a healthier skin structure, and a stronger immune system. One of the prominent nutrients in this process is salmon. Thanks to the valuable fatty acids it contains, it plays an important role in supporting skin and coat health.

In this guide, we will examine in detail the causes of nasal discharge in dogs, the meanings of different types of discharge, and how you can support your pawed friend's immune system during this process.

Wanting the best for our pets is only natural. However, when it comes to defining what “the best” truly is, we now have far more scientific data and far more options than ever before—especially when it comes to fresh, whole-food nutrition. Today, I want to talk to you about a striking study conducted by Purdue University and why its findings make fresh-food options like Kito Fresh even more valuable today. What Does Science Say? The Purdue University Study A study conducted in 2005 at Purdue University on Scottish Terriers revealed that adding fresh vegetables to commercial dry food significantly slowed down or prevented the development of bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma). [Raghavan, Knapp, Bonney, 2005] In the study, all dogs were fed dry kibble, but one group had a variety of fresh vegetables added to their meals at least three times per week. The results were not surprising but incredibly impressive: Dogs consuming green leafy vegetables had a 90% lower risk of developing bladder cancer. Dogs consuming yellow orange vegetables had a 70% lower risk. The most critical takeaway from this study was that it scientifically demonstrated the protective effects of fresh, natural foods at the metabolic and cellular level. Cats and Dogs: Meat-Based, Yet in Need of Plant Support Yes, cats are obligate carnivores; they must consume meat-based protein to survive. Dogs, on the other hand, are facultative carnivores; they obtain most of their energy from meat but can also metabolize plant-based sources when needed. However, under today’s conditions, the situation has changed somewhat: Industrial livestock farming → GMO-based feeds Agricultural land → pesticide, fungicide, and herbicide exposure Water and soil → heavy metal residues All of these factors increase the toxic load coming from animal-based products. Therefore, fresh, organic plant-based foods and clean meat sources are now more critical than ever. Why Do Fresh Foods Make Such a Big Difference? Fresh vegetables and fruits are extremely rich in: antioxidants phytochemicals vitamins fiber These components do more than just provide vitamins. They also: support cellular repair accelerate detoxification reduce inflammation and make the body more resilient against cancer This Is Exactly Why Kito Fresh Exists: Real Meat + Real Vegetables + Real Freshness Today, many pet parents guided by both scientific findings and intuition have begun to recognize the importance of fresh ingredients in nutrition. Kito Fresh offers an approach that directly responds to this need: Human-grade, high-quality meat Carefully selected fresh vegetables Gentle cooking methods that preserve nutritional value Absolutely no artificial additives or preservatives All of these features, as supported by the Purdue study, translate the health benefits of fresh ingredients into everyday nutrition. Freshness Is Not a Luxury It’s a Necessity Science now clearly tells us this: Adding fresh ingredients directly impacts long-term health. To help our pets live longer, healthier, and happier lives, adding a bit of freshness to their bowls makes a profound difference. And options like Kito Fresh make this transformation both easy and sustainable. Source: Deborah W. Knapp, José A. Ramos-Vara, George E. Moore, Deepika Dhawan, Patty L. Bonney, Kirsten E. Young Urinary Bladder Cancer in Dogs, a Naturally Occurring Model for Cancer Biology and Drug Development ILAR Journal, Volume 55, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 100–118, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilu018 www.kito.pet

For pet owners, the top priority is ensuring their furry friends live a healthy and long life. The cornerstone of this health is undoubtedly quality nutrition. However, with thousands of options available on pet store shelves or online platforms today, choosing the "right and original" pet food can sometimes be challenging. Counterfeit or improperly stored pet food can pose risks to your pet's health, from their digestive system to their coat. So, how can you tell if a pet food is original, fresh, and reliable? Here are critical points to consider before and after opening the package. The most critical point: Where did I buy it? The first way to determine the authenticity of a pet food is to check where you bought it. If you purchased the product from www.kito.pet, Kito stores in marketplaces, or reliable sellers like Petimo, Tazedirekt, Makro Center, Carrefour, there is no chance of a problem. The Language of Packaging: A Trust Test at First Glance The first way to determine the authenticity of a pet food is to carefully examine its packaging. Professional and reliable brands invest heavily in packaging technology. Print Quality and Fonts: On original products, graphics are clear, colors are vibrant, and text is legible. Faded logos, misaligned prints, or typos are serious warning signs. Sealing System and Vacuum: The package should be perfectly sealed to prevent air entry. New generation wet foods like Kito Fresh use Pantry Fresh technology, offering 24 months of freshness at room temperature without preservatives, thanks to special packaging. If the package is bulging or leaking, it means the storage conditions of that product have deteriorated. Expiration Date and Lot Number: The expiration date and lot number are usually printed later. Ensure that this information has not been tampered with. Content Analysis: The Art of Reading Labels An original and high-quality pet food is transparent about its ingredients. Our "Human Standard Content" (human-grade) philosophy at Kito proves how vital the list on the back of the package is. Protein Source: The first item on the label list should be clear definitions like "fresh lamb," "fresh salmon," or "beef" instead of vague terms such as "chicken derivative" or "meat meal." Scientific Basis: Reliable pet foods are often developed through academic collaborations. For example, Kito recipes are formulated with scientific foundations in collaboration with the Istanbul University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Such a reference indicates that the food has biological value, not just commercial. Analytical Components: Moisture, protein, fat, and ash ratios should be checked for compliance with standards. Physical Control: Kibble Structure and Odor When you open the package, the form of the food tells you a lot. Every brand has its unique formula and production technology. Color and Shape Consistency: The kibbles within a package should be consistent in size and color. Excessive crumbling, pulverization, or oil leakage are signs of staleness or low quality. Odor: Original pet foods have a natural odor specific to their protein source. You should be cautious if you detect a sharp spoiled smell, sourness, or an excessively chemical odor. Oiliness: In dry foods produced with technologies like FMIS (Fresh Meat Injection System), natural oils from fresh meat are homogeneously distributed within the kibble. If it feels excessively sticky or, conversely, extremely dry when you pick it up, it might raise doubts about its authenticity. Supply Chain and Source Verification The origin of the food determines the quality of the meat it contains. An original and healthy pet food should be traceable. The meats used in Kito foods are sourced from Karkas Farm, which produces antibiotic-free and GMO-free. Such supply chain transparency guarantees that the product you receive is not counterfeit and that its ingredients match what is declared. Your Furry Friend's Reaction Is the Best Proof Sometimes, even if all checks pass, the suitability of the food is understood by your pet's reaction. If your dog or cat suddenly refuses to eat food they normally love, it could be a sign that there is a problem with that batch or that the food is not original. Remember; not only the authenticity of the food but also its suitability for your pet's specific needs is important. Every paw has a different metabolism. If you are sure of the food's authenticity but observe hair loss or digestive problems in your pet, you may need to review your feeding plan. In such cases, consulting a veterinarian would be the correct step. On this journey we embarked on with the slogan "His health, your peace of mind," we want to remind you that you need to find not only original but also the most suitable content for your pet's age, weight, and activity level. Would you like to create a customized nutrition route that fully meets your pet's needs? By using the "Create a Nutrition Plan" feature on the Kito website, you can discover the most suitable and freshest ingredients for your furry friend in seconds. Kito Research Team

Rottweiler Breed: Characteristics, Care, and Nutrition Guide Rottweilers are often described as “tough” or “difficult” dogs. However, this perception does not always reflect reality. With proper training and early socialization, they can develop into well-balanced and stable companions. What matters most is understanding the nature of the breed and providing a lifestyle that meets its needs. Rottweilers should be evaluated not only by their appearance, but also by their temperament, care requirements, and nutritional needs. In this guide, we take a closer look at the Rottweiler breed, covering its characteristics, care, and feeding requirements. Rottweiler Characteristics: What Kind of Dog Is It? The Rottweiler is a working breed with roots dating back to Roman times, now most commonly associated with Germany. Historically, they were used for herding and guarding livestock. Key characteristics: Strong and muscular body structure Natural protective instincts Loyal and devoted to their owners Intelligent and highly trainable Moderate to high energy levels Temperament and Behavior When raised correctly, Rottweilers can be confident, calm, and well-controlled dogs. However, due to their strong instincts, early training and socialization are essential. When properly trained: They form strong bonds with their family They display controlled and appropriate guarding behavior They respond quickly to commands However: They may be reserved around strangers Their protective nature requires clear boundaries and consistent leadership For this reason, owning a Rottweiler requires experience, commitment, and responsibility Rottweiler Care: What to Pay Attention To Exercise Needs Rottweilers are powerful and energetic dogs that require both physical and mental stimulation. Daily long walks Structured play and task-based activities Mental stimulation exercises Lack of exercise can lead to behavioral issues and stress-related problems. Coat and General Care Short, double-layered coat Brushing 1–2 times per week is usually sufficient Seasonal shedding may occur Regular grooming helps support skin health and manage shedding. Training and Socialization Training is one of the most critical aspects of raising a Rottweiler. Start basic obedience training early Expose them to different environments and people Maintain clear and consistent communication They are intelligent and learn quickly, but without clear boundaries, they can become difficult to manage. Rottweiler Nutrition: How Should It Be? For a large and muscular breed like the Rottweiler, nutrition plays a direct role in overall health and quality of life. Protein and Energy Balance High-quality animal protein supports muscle development Energy needs vary depending on activity level Excess calorie intake can lead to weight problems Weight management is especially important in large breeds, as excess weight increases the risk of joint issues. Life Stage Nutrition Nutritional needs change throughout a Rottweiler’s life: Puppy: Controlled growth and bone development Adult: Maintaining muscle mass and balanced energy Senior: Joint support and reduced calorie intake Rapid or uncontrolled growth during puppyhood should be avoided. A balanced feeding plan is crucial during this stage. Feeding Schedule Adult dogs are typically fed twice a day Puppies require smaller, more frequent meals Portion control is important for long-term health Key Nutritional Components to Consider For large breeds like Rottweilers, food quality is just as important as quantity. Important components include: High-quality animal protein sources Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids Glucosamine and chondroitin (for joint support) Balanced vitamins and minerals These nutrients help support muscle development as well as long-term joint health. At this point, well-formulated diets made with fresh and high-quality ingredients can provide a more suitable nutritional approach for large breeds. Diets that include fresh meat may also help preserve nutritional value. Health and Lifespan The average lifespan of a Rottweiler is typically around 8–10 years. For a healthy life: Regular veterinary check-ups Balanced nutrition Adequate exercise Weight control are essential. Common health concerns in this breed include: Hip dysplasia Joint problems Heart conditions Conclusion: A Strong Breed Requires a Thoughtful Approach Rottweilers can become loyal and well-balanced companions when properly cared for and trained. However, they require: A disciplined approach Regular exercise Balanced nutrition Understanding their needs and providing the right environment is key before deciding to adopt one. A Balanced Nutrition Approach for Your Dog For large breeds like the Rottweiler, a well-structured feeding plan directly impacts overall well-being. Not only portion size, but also ingredient quality should be considered. Diets prepared with fresh ingredients and balanced formulations can help support both muscle development and long-term joint health. Sources American Kennel Club https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/rottweiler/ The Kennel Club https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/search/breeds-a-to-z/breeds/working/rottweiler/ World Small Animal Veterinary Association https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/global-nutrition-guidelines/ American Veterinary Medical Association https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/dog-care VCA Animal Hospitals https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/rottweiler

Did a new dog arrive at your home, or are you reconsidering your current companion's diet? In either case, one of the most important questions on your mind is probably: "How do I choose the most suitable food for them?" This question has a much deeper meaning than it seems. Because your dog's breed, size, age, and activity level are among the factors that directly affect their nutritional needs.

This is one of the questions dog owners ask quite often: Should my dog’s food bowl stay on the floor, or should it be placed on an elevated stand? At first glance, it might seem like a matter of aesthetics or comfort. But once you dig a little deeper, the topic actually touches on spinal health, digestion, and even a life-threatening condition called gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), or stomach torsion. So the answer isn’t as simple as it might seem. 1. Natural Posture: How Dogs Evolved to Eat Dogs’ ancestors, wolves, eat their prey directly from the ground. Their posture is simple: head down, front legs stable, neck slightly bent. From an anatomical perspective: The esophagus works in harmony with gravity In a healthy dog, eating with the head lowered does not negatively affect digestion The neck muscles are naturally adapted to this posture In other words, for a young, healthy dog without orthopedic issues, a food bowl placed on the floor is not “wrong.” In fact, it’s actually a very natural feeding position. 2. Elevated Bowls: Comfort or Risk? Elevated food bowls are especially popular among owners of large breeds. The reasoning usually goes like this: "Bending down might hurt their neck." This idea isn’t entirely incorrect. Elevated bowls can indeed be helpful in some situations, especially for dogs with: Advanced age Arthritis Cervical spine problems Hip dysplasia Veterinary observations show that dogs with neck or joint issues often struggle less when eating in a more neutral head position. However, this is where things get a bit more complicated. 3. The Reality of Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) In the early 2000s, a widely cited study conducted at Purdue University examined risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in large and giant breed dogs. One of the findings was particularly noteworthy: Elevated food bowls were associated with an increased risk of GDV in large, deep-chested breeds. But what exactly is GDV? GDV is a serious and life-threatening condition in which: The stomach fills with gas The stomach twists around itself Blood circulation is compromised Emergency surgery becomes necessary Research shows that the risk of GDV isn’t caused by the bowl height alone. Other factors also play a role, such as: Being a large or giant breed Having a deep chest Eating too quickly Being fed only one meal per day Having a more anxious or stressed temperament That’s why elevated feeders remain a topic that requires careful consideration, especially for large breeds. 4. Is the Same Rule True for Every Dog? Not really. Science doesn’t offer a one-size-fits-all answer. But we can summarize the general guidelines like this: A Bowl on the Floor May Be Better If: Your dog is young and healthy Your dog belongs to a large breed with higher GDV risk Your dog tends to eat very quickly There are no digestive or orthopedic problems An Elevated Bowl May Be Helpful If: Your dog is older There are neck or spine problems Your dog clearly shows pain or discomfort when bending down Ultimately, the most important factor is your dog’s individual condition. 5. Bowl Height Is Often Misunderstood If you do decide to use an elevated bowl, the most common mistake is raising it too high. The food bowl should: Not be lifted all the way to chest height Be roughly around elbow level Not force the dog to raise its neck upward The goal isn’t to completely change the dog’s natural posture — it’s simply to reduce excessive bending. Conclusion Having the food bowl on the floor is not wrong. Using an elevated bowl is not wrong either. What science suggests is this: For healthy dogs, eating from the floor is physiologically natural. For large, deep-chested breeds, elevated bowls should be considered carefully. For dogs with orthopedic issues, individual comfort becomes the priority. No two dogs are exactly the same. Breed, age, genetics, and medical history should all be taken into account. If you have a large breed dog in particular, the safest approach is to discuss the decision with your veterinarian. Because where your dog’s food bowl sits might matter more than you think. Scientific Articles and Reviews 1.https://veterinaryevidence.org/index.php/ve/article/view/57?utm_source 2.https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/217/10/javma.2000.217.1492.xml?utm_source 3.https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/gastric-dilatation-volvulus-gdv-or-bloat?utm_source 4.https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/surgical-problems-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/gastric-dilation-and-volvulus-in-small-animals?utm_source 5.https://www.purinainstitute.com/centresquare/therapeutic-nutrition/canine-gastric-dilatation-volvulus?utm_source= 6.https://www.vetinfo.com/elevated-dog-feeder.html/?utm_source

Most of us use a simple formula when calculating our pets age: “1 year = 7 human years.” When calculating the age of our furry companions, many of us still rely on the “1 year = 7 human years” formula. However, this calculation is no longer scientifically valid. Dogs and cats do not age at the same rate every year. Especially during the first 1- 2 years, they go through a much faster developmental period than you might think. For example, a 1 year old dog or cat is considered roughly equivalent to a 15 year old human, and a 2 year old corresponds to about a 24 year old human. After that, the aging rate slows down, and each additional year equals approximately 4 - 5 human years. This means your 5 year old companion may not be as “middle aged” as you assume. Age Differences Also Vary by Breed! Small breeds generally live longer, while large breeds tend to age faster. A 7 year old Chihuahua may still be considered middle-aged, whereas a 7 year old Great Dane may already fall into the senior category. Researchers base these calculations on epigenetic data such as DNA methylation and suggest that biological age can differ from chronological age. Why Is This Important? Because knowing the correct age directly affects care planning from nutrition and exercise to joint health support and regular veterinary checkups. You may not be living with a “teenager,” but rather with a companion who has entered a more mature stage of life. Knowing their true age is the first step toward extending the healthy years you will share together. References: 1. Quantitative Translation of Dog‑to‑Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome (ScienceDirect) 2. Epigenetics study updates the dog‑to‑human age formula (NIH) 3. DNA methylation clocks for dogs and humans (PNAS) 4. Dog Aging Project (resmi web sitesi) 5. Dog Aging Project – National Institute on Aging (NIA) 6. Dog Aging Project (Wikipedia) 7. Scientists Found the Formula to Calculate Your Dog’s Actual Age (Popular Mechanics)

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats and Dogs”, presented by Dr. Erman Koral, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Lower Urinary Tract Diseases: Accurate Diagnosis, Proper Interpretation, and Targeted Treatment Lower urinary tract diseases are extremely common in clinical practice—so common that they can appear in one out of every five patients—yet they also represent a world where conditions easily overlap and get confused. In Transcript 11, Dr. Erman Koral presents a clear, practical roadmap that makes real-life work easier: look closely at the urine, collect it correctly, interpret the pH–sediment–ultrasound trio accurately, and then place the disease into the correct category. 1) Why Are Lower Urinary Tract Diseases Such a “Clinical Headache”? Cystitis, crystal/stone problems, feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) / FLUTD, and urinary incontinence in geriatric patients all originate in the same anatomical region and often arrive with very similar clinical signs. That is why: they are seen very frequently, they are easily confused with one another, and they are often overlooked. The lifetime prevalence rates shared by the speaker are striking: 14–20%. In practical terms, this means one out of every five patients visiting a clinic. 2) “Urine Is Gold”—But Only If You Collect It Correctly Urine provides extremely valuable information. However, if the sample is collected incorrectly, we may misinterpret contamination as disease. Two main collection methods: Spontaneous urination / sample obtained by compression high risk of contamination from the urethra or vagina seeing bacteria does not automatically mean infection Cystocentesis (preferably ultrasound-guided) minimal contamination the only correct method for culture and susceptibility testing A clear statement from the speaker: If you plan to send a culture, the sample must be collected via cystocentesis. A crucial additional detail: bacteria in urine left at room temperature begin to die within one hour sediment begins to settle within 30 minutes If you are not evaluating the sample immediately, send it to the lab right away. 3) The First Thing to Check on a Dipstick: pH Normal canine and feline urine should be mildly acidic: pH 5.5–6.5 (maximum around 7). If pH is elevated (7.5–9): The first suspicion should be urinary tract infection, because many causative agents are urease-positive gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, etc.) → they shift urine toward alkaline pH. If pH is decreased (4.5–5.5): Possible causes include: diabetes mellitus renal failure (loss of concentrating ability) very high-protein diets fever, prolonged fasting, intense exercise In short: pH is the first directional signpost. 4) Protein, Glucose, Ketones: The “Three Siblings” Protein (+) Can originate from three sources: renal: glomerulonephritis, renal failure pre-renal: hypertension, fever, intense exercise post-renal: cystitis, bleeding, urine retention Because blood and leukocytes also count as protein, false protein elevation is common in hematuria. Glucose (+) It is tempting to say “glucose always means diabetes,” but this is incomplete: diabetes is the most common cause leptospirosis (rarely) stress-induced glucosuria in cats is important If you see glucose in a cat’s urine, never ignore stress as a possibility. Acute pancreatitis may also increase glucose. Ketones (+) This is often the “next step after glucose.” diabetic ketoacidosis is the primary concern prolonged fasting low-carbohydrate diets pregnancy If ketones are present, the case is no longer mild. 5) Knowing How to Read Sediment Is a Clinical Turbo Boost A simple but effective protocol: centrifuge urine at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes place sediment on a slide and examine microscopically Findings: RBCs: bleeding, stones, infection, trauma, neoplasia WBCs: suggests infection, but not proof alone bacteria: meaningful only if seen in cystocentesis samples epithelial cells: transitional: bladder/ureter inflammation, stones, infection squamous: distal urethral or vaginal contamination (increases with catheterization) renal epithelial: kidney-origin damage (AKI, tubular necrosis, etc. casts: if you see them, recognizing them is enough; the exact type often does not significantly change clinical decisions 6) Clinical Signs: Translate the Owner’s Words Correctly Dysuria: difficult urination Stranguria: painful urination (crying/meowing) Pollakiuria: frequent but small urinations Hematuria: blood in urine Periuria: urinating outside the litter box (very typical in cats) Nocturia: nighttime urination Pyuria: pus/inflammatory cells in urine A key distinction: in diabetes, frequent urination = large volume in lower urinary tract disease, frequent urination = small volume repeatedly 7) Bacterial Cystitis: Common in Dogs, Less Common in Cats Risk profile: more common in female dogs recurrent cases are more likely with diabetes, Cushing’s disease, or thyroid disorders Key clinical tip: If urolithiasis is present, bacteria are often present as well. Stopping antibiotics too early while dissolving stones means giving underlying bacteria a chance to recur. Diagnostic support: sediment: WBCs + bacteria + RBCs ultrasound: thickened and irregular bladder wall clots/sediment (“snow globe” or “rice grain” appearance) Treatment logic: Target gram-negative bacteria first: fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) Alternatives: amoxicillin–clavulanate trimethoprim–sulfonamide first-generation cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cefpodoxime) nitrofurantoin (concentrates in the bladder; an effective urinary antiseptic) Important: Do not combine fluoroquinolones with nitrofurantoin due to antagonism. If recurrence occurs: fewer than 3 episodes/year → sporadic 3 or more episodes/year → recurrent/chronic → culture and susceptibility testing are mandatory. 8) Feline Idiopathic Cystitis / FLUTD: More Stress Than Bacteria Feline idiopathic cystitis is: sterile (no bacteria) stress-related highly recurrent (~58%) Typical clinical package: pollakiuria + periuria + hematuria + stranguria/dysuria Most important task: identify the stressor. This is not “exam stress,” but micro-change stress: changes in feeding time, brand, bowl type changes in bowl location changes in litter box location or litter brand increased household traffic/noise a family member leaving or arriving renovations, new furniture, new electronics multi-cat households → resource competition → number of litter boxes and food stations should be at least the number of cats + 1 Diagnostic clue: In FLUTD: urine is usually bacteria-free bladder wall thickening may be absent urine can appear completely clear Treatment foundation: Environmental modification (MEMO): quiet, safe resting areas feeding through puzzles/hunting-style enrichment scratching posts (horizontal and vertical) elevated observation spots water fountains / running water pheromone diffusers If needed, medical support: analgesics anxiolytics/antidepressants (amitriptyline, fluoxetine, clomipramine) phenoxybenzamine if urethral spasm is present 9) Stones and Crystals: Match the Shape With pH Struvite alkaline urine (pH 7.5–9) “coffin lid” crystals dissolves with urine acidification diets if resistant: acetohydroxamic acid Calcium Oxalate acidic urine (pH 5–6) “envelope” or square-shaped crystals does not dissolve → prevention is key potassium citrate is very effective thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide) rarely used Cystine hexagonal low-protein diet + potassium citrate Urate / Ammonium Biurate yellow, “sea urchin-like” appearance associated with liver disease allopurinol + low-purine diet Breed notes: Dalmatian / English Bulldog → urate and ammonium biurate may be considered “normal tendencies” Newfoundland / Terrier breeds / English Bulldog / Mastiff breeds → cystine more common 10) Prostate Problems: Present as Constipation, Detected Through Urinary Signs When the prostate enlarges: compresses the colon → thin ribbon-like stool compresses the urethra → dysuria stiffness in hindlimb movement chronic cases may show preputial discharge (toothpaste-like) On ultrasound: normally homogeneous and bright gray-black areas raise suspicion of prostatitis, cysts, or abscesses Treatment: Antibiotics that penetrate the prostate barrier (clindamycin, trimethoprim–sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins) For symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: finasteride 11) Urinary Incontinence: Storage or Emptying Problem? Storage disorder: leaking occurs while sleeping or lying down common in early-spayed females urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) / lower motor neuron bladder Emptying disorder: the patient urinates but cannot fully empty repeated attempts at short intervals Quick treatment guide: USMI → phenylpropanolamine, estrogen emptying disorder → bethanechol, diazepam (sometimes acepromazine or cisapride) if there is a lower motor neuron hernia → surgery is necessary 12) Obstruction Is an Emergency: “Acute Kidney Injury Is Coming” When obstruction occurs: the bladder fills back pressure travels to the kidneys risk of acute kidney injury and hyperkalemia rises Practical tips: If the catheter does not pass, attempt high-pressure flushing (20–50 ml syringe) using saline and appropriate solutions. If unsuccessful, proceed with sedation and smooth muscle relaxation. In hyperkalemia, glucose + insulin can rapidly reduce potassium levels. Do not force aggressively before relieving pressure by emptying the bladder. Final Message: Success in Lower Urinary Disease = Correct Classification The essence of this session was clear: collect urine correctly interpret the pH–dipstick–sediment trio accurately complete the picture with ultrasound determine whether it is cystitis, FLUTD, stones, prostate disease, or incontinence select treatment accordingly Lower urinary tract disease is not something solved by “just giving an antibiotic.” If you correctly name what you are treating, half of the clinical work is already done. We will continue sharing key takeaways from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Dilated Cardiomyopathy”, presented by Dr. Onur İskefli, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs: It Starts Quietly, Then One Day It Knocks With Syncope Some diseases appear to happen “suddenly” in the clinic, but in reality they have been building for years. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs is exactly that kind of process. It is typically associated with medium-to-large breeds as a “genetic fate,” but we now know the issue is not purely genetic. Diet, medications, endocrine diseases—many different pathways can open the door to the same clinical picture. In the 7th session of New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dr. Onur İskefli explained DCM in a practical, field-oriented way. Two key messages stood out: “The most critical thing in DCM is early detection. Once clinical signs appear, you are already in a completely different phase.” “If you see syncope in a patient, you cannot move forward without an ECG.” 1) What Is DCM? A Disease of “Loss of Contractile Power” Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle. The basic problem is: The heart chambers enlarge (especially the left ventricle and left atrium). The walls become thinner. Contraction (systolic function) decreases significantly. In other words, the heart becomes larger but not stronger; it becomes weaker as it dilates. 2) The Cause Is Not One: Genetics + Nutrition + Secondary Factors The speaker challenged the classic “purely genetic disease” assumption. Genetics still play a major role: Breeds such as Dobermans and Boxers have clear predispositions. Several genetic variants have been identified. However, other important contributors exist in real-life practice: Nutritional causes Taurine deficiency is one of the most critical factors. Well known in cats since the 1990s, which is why taurine is routinely added to cat foods. In dogs, the risk also increases with certain diets. Carnitine deficiency (especially in Spaniel-type breeds) may trigger DCM. Drug-related and toxic causes Cardiotoxic chemotherapy agents such as doxorubicin can directly cause DCM. These patients must be monitored cardiologically before and after treatment. Secondary / endocrine-related pathways Conditions such as hyperadrenocorticism and pheochromocytoma can create chronic catecholamine overload, gradually damaging the myocardium and leading to DCM. In summary: “Sometimes DCM is fate, sometimes it is an incorrect diet, and sometimes it is the final stage of another disease.” 3) Phases: The Gap Between the Occult Stage and the Clinical Stage Clinical management of DCM is impossible without understanding its phases. The speaker explained this clearly by comparing it to the ACVIM mitral valve staging system: Occult phase (asymptomatic) The breed is at risk but shows no clinical signs. Or arrhythmias are present on ECG/Holter without systolic dysfunction. At this stage: monitoring is the priority, not medication. annual echocardiography and, ideally, Holter screening are recommended. Overt phase (symptomatic) Clinical signs are now present: heart failure, arrhythmias, syncope, etc. At this stage, treatment becomes more aggressive and quality of life becomes the main goal. 4) Clinical Signs: How Does DCM Reveal Itself? DCM typically presents in two ways: Signs of left-sided heart failure cough exercise intolerance tachypnea If both left and right sides are affected ascites (abdominal fluid accumulation), in addition to the above signs Arrhythmias (the most critical alarm signal) ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) atrial fibrillation ventricular tachycardia → may progress to fibrillation The speaker emphasized an important clinical reflex: “If you see syncope, do an ECG first.” Many fainting episodes have a potentially fatal arrhythmia in the background. 5) The Cough Issue: “Heart Patients Cough” Is Not Always True This was one of the most educational parts of the talk. The main mechanism of cardiac cough: the left atrium enlarges it compresses the left main bronchus coughing begins However, pulmonary edema does not always cause cough, because: cough receptors are concentrated in the upper airways there are very few in the alveoli If edema is mainly alveolar, the patient may have severe dyspnea without coughing. Cough becomes more likely once fluid reaches the bronchi, sometimes accompanied by pink frothy discharge. Clinical takeaway: Do not rule out heart disease because there is no cough, and do not assume edema simply because cough is present. 6) Diagnosis: Suspect With Radiographs, Confirm With Echocardiography Physical examination is the foundation The speaker strongly emphasized full-body clinical examination before advanced testing: inspection palpation auscultation respiratory rate, pulse quality, temperature Without this, further testing becomes “imaging without knowing what you are looking for.” ECG Common findings: sinus tachycardia atrial fibrillation ventricular premature complexes In syncope cases, ECG is a life-saving first step. Radiography Generalized cardiomegaly can be seen, but this alone does not confirm DCM because: pericardial effusion may create a similar appearance. Echocardiography (the diagnostic key) Echocardiographic criteria supporting DCM include: normalized LVIDd > 1.7 sphericity index > 1.65 fractional shortening (FS) < 25% ejection fraction (EF) < 45% LA/Ao ≥ 1.6 EPSS > 7.7 With echo images, the speaker clearly demonstrated: the ventricle is enlarged, walls are thin, and contraction is weak—like “an incomplete closure performed by hand.” 7) Nutritional DCM: The Grain-Free Diet Paradox A growing issue in real-world practice: a small-breed dog (for example, a Yorkshire Terrier) developing DCM after 10 years on a grain-free diet. The mechanism: grain-free diets often rely heavily on plant-based proteins (lentils, peas). The methionine–taurine synthesis cycle may not be adequately supported. Over time, nutritional DCM may develop. Key warning: “Even if the breed is not predisposed, diet history can still lead to DCM.” 8) Treatment: Management Based on Phase Occult phase do not start medication in asymptomatic at-risk patients regular monitoring + avoid intense exercise omega-3 may be recommended (evidence is limited but benefits are possible) Arrhythmia present without systolic dysfunction Holter monitoring is ideal; if not available, serial ECGs antiarrhythmic therapy if needed taurine/carnitine supplementation + dietary correction Systolic dysfunction begins (preclinical stage similar to B2) pimobendan becomes essential based on the PROTECT study, it is emphasized to delay clinical signs Clinical heart failure (Stage C) Four core drugs form the backbone: loop diuretic (furosemide) ACE inhibitor pimobendan spironolactone Arrhythmia-specific therapy: atrial fibrillation: diltiazem / digoxin VPCs: sotalol / mexiletine / amiodarone when necessary Monitoring becomes essential: electrolytes (K, Na, Mg) renal function Refractory advanced stage (Stage D) torsemide (approximately 10 times stronger than furosemide) hospital-based dobutamine / IV inotropes close monitoring 9) Home Monitoring: Sleeping Respiratory Rate Saves Lives The most valuable homework for owners: sleeping respiratory rate. over 30 breaths per minute = early edema alarm If owners detect this early, the patient can often be stabilized as an outpatient before severe edema develops. If not detected, the patient may arrive in emergency with 50–60 breaths per minute, requiring hospitalization. 10) Anxiety Management in Acute Cases: The Butorphanol Note In acute pulmonary edema, the animal feels like it is suffocating and panics. A practical point highlighted by the speaker: Butorphanol is a good anxiolytic. It has minimal cardiac effects and makes treatment much easier to manage. Closing: The Most Important Thing in DCM Is Catching It Before Symptoms Appear This session left three clear clinical messages: 1. DCM is not caused by a single factor. Diet history is extremely valuable for diagnosis. 2. A patient diagnosed in the occult phase will have a completely different life compared to one diagnosed in the symptomatic phase. 3. Syncope + arrhythmia risk = never skip ECG. Heart disease can progress silently for years… But one day, that silence turns into a patient that suddenly collapses in the clinic. In that moment, your strongest tool is knowledge and clinical reflex. “The heart may become enlarged, but if you are late, the game becomes much bigger.” We will continue sharing key highlights from VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “The World Within Us: Gut Health and Nutrition”, presented by Prof. Dr. Pınar Saçaklı, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Why Is Gut Health So Important? How the Microbiome Is Changing the Veterinary Perspective In veterinary medicine, there are topics we learn in lectures, touch in clinical practice, and only fully appreciate once we face their real impact in the field. Gut health is one of the most important of these. Because the issue is not simply “diarrhea happened, change the diet.” The gut is a major control center that quietly influences dozens of systems—from immunity and behavior to skin and coat health, and even aging. Prof. Dr. Pınar Saçaklı’s talk, “The World Within Us: Gut Health and Nutrition,” reminded us of this truth. The main message was clear: “The gut is a dynamic ecosystem inside the body. The clinician who understands this changes the entire game.” A 2,500-Year-Old Statement Still Holds True: “Disease Begins in the Gut” Hippocrates’ statement from 460 BC—“All disease begins in the gut”—is now being confirmed again through modern scientific evidence. Thanks to new molecular techniques, we can now see more clearly that: The gut is not only an organ of digestion and absorption. It is also: the first defense line against incoming pathogens, the largest immune organ in the body, containing approximately 70% of immune cells, the home of the vast ecosystem we call the microbiome. When gut health is disrupted, the result is not just “diarrhea”—a systemic domino effect begins. Gut Health Stands on Three Pillars The speaker described intestinal integrity as a balance supported by three key components: 1. Histomorphology (the structure of the intestinal wall) 2. Microbiota / microbiome (the microbial ecosystem) 3. Immune system cells If one pillar weakens, the others are affected as well. A healthy gut means all three pillars remain strong at the same time. Histomorphology: A Tissue That Renews Quickly and Damages Quickly The renewal cycle of intestinal epithelium is remarkably fast: villi are shed and regenerated every 3–5 days. This speed has two meanings: the gut can repair itself very quickly, but if energy and nutritional support are insufficient, it can deteriorate just as quickly. The mucous layer secreted by goblet cells forms the first barrier. The tight junction proteins beneath it form the second barrier. If these proteins weaken and spaces open between cells, pathogens can “leak” through the wall, and the process becomes infection. This is why the intestinal barrier is far more clinically important than we often assume. Microbiota vs. Microbiome: The Difference Matters The talk clarified an important distinction: Microbiota: the community of microorganisms living in the gut (who is there and how many). Microbiome: the genes of that community + its interactions with each other and the environment + its functions. So the microbiome is not only about bacterial counts—it includes biological outcomes such as: metabolite production, immune regulation, digestive support, behavioral effects. Where Does the Microbiome Come From? It Starts at Birth and Is Shaped by Nutrition The gut microbiome begins colonizing at birth. In natural birth: maternal flora is transferred to the newborn—almost like a natural vaccination. In cesarean birth: environmental and skin flora dominate, and antibiotic/antiseptic exposure becomes more influential. Factors that shape the microbiome afterward include: environment antibiotic and medication use stress age breed/species and most importantly: nutrition Nutrition is the fastest and most powerful tool for microbiome modulation. What the Microbiome Produces: The Balance of “Good Metabolites vs. Bad Metabolites” Gut bacteria ferment nutrients and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): acetate propionate butyrate Butyrate is especially important: it is a primary energy source for intestinal cells and strengthens tight junctions. But the story does not end there: Some bacteria also produce harmful metabolites from protein fermentation, such as ammonia. So the gut has a constant “good production vs. bad production” balance. In dysbiosis, the issue is not simply a single pathogen—it is the disruption of this production balance. Dysbiosis Is Not Infection (And Antibiotics Are Often the Wrong Answer) This was one of the most important clinical messages of the talk: Dysbiosis is not the overgrowth of one pathogen—it is the disruption of the ecosystem’s balance. Therefore: Antibiotics are often not the solution in dysbiosis—they can actually worsen the problem, because antibiotics “kill the good microbes while killing the bad ones.” Typical dysbiosis signs include: chronic or acute diarrhea vomiting gas and foul odor loss of appetite behavioral changes and anxiety joint pain and skin problems Gut imbalance can affect the body from end to end. Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics: Which One, and When? Probiotics Live beneficial microorganisms. Effects: reduce pH competitively inhibit pathogens produce antimicrobial peptides strengthen intestinal integrity Prebiotics Fibers that the host cannot digest; they reach the colon and feed probiotics. Effects: increase beneficial microbes increase SCFA production Synbiotics A combination of probiotics + prebiotics given together. A key point: Prebiotics mainly act in the large intestine, so the type of diarrhea must be distinguished first. Small Intestinal vs. Large Intestinal Diarrhea The speaker placed this distinction clearly into clinical practice: Small intestinal diarrhea: increased stool volume greasy or very bulky stool may be present weight loss is more prominent blood may be digested (dark/tarry stool) Large intestinal diarrhea: normal or reduced stool volume very frequent defecation prominent mucus fresh red blood may be present Dysbiosis mainly occurs in the large intestine. Therefore, fiber-based prebiotic support is far more meaningful in large intestinal diarrhea cases. Where Is the Future Going? The Era of “Personalized Nutrition” The goal of microbiome research is now becoming clear: identifying each individual’s core microbiome creating individualized diet and supplement strategies accordingly In other words, the one-size-fits-all prescription era is fading. The era of microbiome-based personalized nutrition is coming. In parallel, we will likely see growing visibility in: new probiotic and prebiotic species behavior–microbiome research microbiome-based strategies for aging and longevity Closing: The Clinician Who Understands the Gut Ecosystem Can Manage the Clinic This talk reminded us once again: Gut health is not a “side topic.” Nutrition, clinical medicine, behavior, immunity, aging—everything connects here. A fitting sentence for the new era of veterinary medicine might be: “If you cannot manage the gut ecosystem, you cannot manage disease.” And perhaps the best summary remains the speaker’s own message: “The world within us is very intelligent and very dynamic. We must become clinicians who are equally intelligent and equally dynamic.” We will continue sharing key highlights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

Cats and milk… This pairing has long existed side by side in the imagination of cat lovers. Many of us remember childhood cartoon scenes of a cute cat licking milk beside a warm fireplace. However, the reality behind this charming image may not be as innocent as it seems; the answer to the question “can cats drink milk?” is not a simple yes or no. It requires a detailed evaluation supported by scientific data. During the kitten stage, mother’s milk is critically important for healthy development. At this stage, kittens produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme needed to digest lactose. However, as cats grow older, the production of this enzyme decreases, and adult cats lose much of their ability to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. As a result, most adult cats develop lactose intolerance; in other words, lactose cannot be properly digested and instead ferments in the intestines, leading to diarrhea, gas, and stomach discomfort. This is supported by scientific studies and veterinary opinions. Many adult cats cannot adequately break down the lactose found in cow’s milk. For this reason, milk can strain the digestive system and cause discomfort in many cats. When lactose is not digested, it draws water into the intestines, which can result in symptoms such as soft stools or diarrhea, gas, bloating, and abdominal pain. Although milk may appear appealing, it is not a beverage that meets a cat’s true nutritional needs; cats are obligate carnivores and obtain their nutritional requirements primarily from high-quality animal protein. Some cats may tolerate very small amounts of milk and may even seem to enjoy it, but this does not apply to all cats. The attraction to milk usually comes from its fat and protein content; however, this appeal does not make milk a suitable or healthy food choice. Milk Alternatives and Healthier Options Whole cow’s milk is not recommended for adult cats. If you wish to offer your cat a milk-like taste, specially formulated cat milk products or lactose-free milk alternatives may be considered. - However, it should not be forgotten that even these products should not exceed the recommended amounts. Most veterinarians advise that a cat’s daily fluid needs should be met primarily with fresh, clean water. The Situation for Kittens For kittens, mother’s milk is essential. If the mother cat is not present, veterinarian-approved kitten milk replacer formulas should be used. Products intended for humans or cow’s milk alternatives are not suitable for kittens and can lead to digestive problems. In conclusion, giving cow’s milk to adult cats is generally not a healthy choice, and this practice can cause serious digestive issues beyond the myth created by popular culture. Although you may find yourself faced with your cat’s sweet, pleading looks asking for milk, the best approach for their long-term health is to ensure that their daily drink is always fresh, clean water. References Cornell Feline Health Center. (t.y.). Feeding your cat. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat Are cats lactose intolerant? — Cats Protection UK Blog. https://www.cats.org.uk/cats-blog/are-cats-lactose-intolerant?utm_source Clinical and Morphological Manifestations… (Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019.) https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol16no4/clinical-and-morphological-manifestations-of-disorders-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-of-cats-with-regular-consumption-of-lactos

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “My Dog Suddenly Fainted While Walking in the Park! Cardiology Emergencies”, presented by Prof. Dr. Yücel Meral, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. The Fear of ECG in Veterinary Cardiology: Life-Saving Knowledge in 30 Seconds in the Field In veterinary medicine, there are topics that feel “difficult and distant” in school but become immediate reality once you enter clinical practice. Cardiology is exactly one of those fields. Heart disease does not always progress as a “slow process.” Sometimes a patient arrives and you truly have only 30–40 seconds. Is the heart beating? Is the rhythm lethal? Where should intervention begin? All of that must be determined within that time frame. Prof. Dr. Yücel Meral’s talk in Session 6 of New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences focused precisely on this reality. Rather than presenting cardiology as a pile of theory, he explained it as a clinical discipline that must become an instinctive reflex. The main message was clear: “You cannot say you examined the heart without an ECG. Some nights, your only chance is the ECG.” 1) The Heart Is Not Just a “Pump”—It Is a Self-Operating Muscular System The first misconception that must be corrected is this: The heart is not a simple pump. It is a miraculous muscle system that operates on its own, controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It beats 60–100 times per minute (or even more in some species), carrying the entire body’s oxygen, nutrient, and waste circulation. That is why even a small electrical disturbance can rapidly turn into collapse affecting breathing, circulation, and the brain within minutes. Once you recognize this in real cases, cardiology stops being “a difficult subject” and becomes “the foundation that holds life.” 2) Cardiology Is Not a One-Device Job: The Logic of “Holistic Cardiology” Prof. Meral presented an excellent framework: cardiac evaluation cannot be completed with a single method: ECG: electrical conduction and rhythm Echocardiography: structure, valves, chambers, flow Radiography: cardiac size and pulmonary impact Angiography / CT: vessels and advanced imaging He describes combining these as holistic cardiology, because in real clinical cases, you often need to press more than one button at the same time. 3) The First Question in Emergency Medicine: “Is the Heart Beating?” When a patient arrives after fainting, the reflex in many clinics is: “Let’s take an X-ray, let’s do an echo.” But the speaker’s warning is clear: Every step that wastes time can cost a life. That is why the fastest and most practical tool in the field is the ECG. Within seconds, an ECG tells you: Is the heart beating? Is the rhythm regular or irregular? Is this rhythm potentially fatal? Even this information alone can guide you toward the correct intervention. 4) A Fearless ECG Reading Sequence (Because Without a Sequence, There Is Chaos) ECG lines are not difficult—the difficult part is not having a structured approach. Instead of a list of rigid rules, the speaker described a fixed sequence that works in real-life emergency settings: 1. Is the rhythm regular? If RR intervals are equal, it is regular. 2. What is the heart rate? For regular rhythms, use the large-box method: RR interval = 3 large boxes → 300/3 = 100 bpm 2 large boxes → 150 bpm 1 large box → 300 bpm 3. Is there a P wave, and does every P lead to a QRS? This helps evaluate atrial–ventricular conduction. 4. Is the QRS complex wide or narrow? A wide QRS is an alarm sign for ventricular origin. 5. What does the ST–T segment show? ST elevation or depression → consider ischemia/infarction T wave changes → electrolyte, oxygenation, or conduction abnormality warning With this sequence, ECG interpretation becomes a clinical language rather than a confusing image. 5) “Killer Patterns”: ECG Findings That Require Immediate Action This was the most critical part of the seminar. The speaker emphasized clearly that these are lethal ECG patterns. If you see anything other than normal sinus rhythm—such as: ventricular tachycardia ventricular fibrillation atrial flutter / atrial fibrillation supraventricular tachycardias torsades de pointes asystole (a flatline) then the ECG is no longer a diagnostic step—it becomes the button to start intervention. Because death may follow. 6) The First Move: Vagal Maneuvers—Simple but Sometimes Shockingly Effective A step often overlooked in veterinary practice but reflexive in human medicine: vagal maneuvers. The speaker demonstrated this with a live example: In an SVT patient, a correct vagal maneuver can reduce the rhythm from 180–200 bpm down to 90–100 bpm. The most practical method in veterinary practice: Carotid artery massage / gentle stroking Can be used in many species and may lower rhythm within seconds. Oculocardiac reflex (gentle pressure on the eyes) Applying pressure for 15–20 seconds can cause a dramatic reduction in heart rate. Even if the success rate is only 30–40%, in critical moments this is the cheapest and fastest chance available. 7) If Vagal Maneuvers Fail: The “Lidocaine Reflex” in the Field Here, the speaker spoke directly from real practice: “Lidocaine is my favorite—I apply it immediately.” The logic is practical: inexpensive available in most clinics quick response in acute tachycardia Administration: bolus or infusion ECG monitoring you can literally watch the rhythm drop in real time After stabilization, options like diltiazem or beta-blockers can be considered. However, a critical warning was emphasized: Because of hypotension risk, medications should never be given blindly without blood pressure monitoring. 8) Adenosine = “Resetting the Heart” The speaker described adenosine as a “turn-off and restart” mechanism because it: blocks the SA–AV node for 8–10 seconds the heart briefly stops then the system restarts the goal is a return to sinus rhythm If there is no response, the dose is increased stepwise. Although the effect may not be as predictable in animals as it is in humans, it can be life-saving in appropriate cases. 9) The Defibrillator Myth: It Is Not Only for Asystole A defibrillator is not used only to “restart a stopped heart.” Its primary role is in: ventricular fibrillation severe tachyarrhythmias A correct shock can restore life within seconds. And if the clinic does not have the device, the missing element is not only technology—it is preparedness culture. Closing: Knowing ECG Means You Are Not Alone in the Field The key reality this session left behind is this: Cardiology is a vast world, but the ECG is the fastest survival language in that world. Even if you know that language only at a basic level: panic decreases when a patient collapses you start intervention on time you reduce the risk of losing the patient in front of your eyes And the simplest yet most life-saving question in the clinic is: “What is the heart doing right now?” A clinician who can read the answer through ECG moves cardiology out of the realm of fear and into the realm of reflex. We will continue sharing key highlights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

As part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, held with the sponsorship of Kito Healthy Pet Food Ecosystem, we have compiled the key takeaways from the session titled “Ozone Therapy in Companion Animals with Veterinarian Batuhan Natur.” We sincerely thank Dr. Natur for his valuable presentation. During the seminar, Dr. Batuhan Natur covered both the scientific foundations of ozone and how it should be applied in clinical settings in a correct and safe manner. The core message of the session was clearly summarized in two essential statements: Ozone therapy is not the same as “room ozonation” or “air disinfection.” Medical application is fundamentally different. Dosage is everything. When the dose is correct, it is therapeutic; when incorrect, it can be toxic. What Is Ozone? Why Is the Term “Medical Ozone” Emphasized? Ozone (O₃) is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms and has strong oxidative properties. Due to its unstable structure, it rapidly decomposes into O₂ and releases a free oxygen atom. This free oxygen atom is the primary source of ozone’s biological effects. Key characteristics include: A distinct sharp odor (often described as the “earthy smell” after a thunderstorm). Approximately 10 times higher solubility in water compared to oxygen. A short half-life; at room temperature, it loses activity within 20–30 minutes. 📌 For this reason, ozone is not prepared in advance and stored; it must be generated immediately before administration, next to the patient. Critical safety note: The only area where ozone must not be applied is the respiratory system and lungs. Inhalation is toxic. Brief Historical Overview 1839: Discovery of ozone 1840s: Use in operating room disinfection World War I: Significant role in the management of gangrene One of the key pioneers of modern medical ozone therapy: Bocci A Medical Ozone Generator Is Essential (Industrial Devices Are High-Risk) One of Dr. Natur’s strongest warnings concerned device safety: ✅ Medical ozone must be generated using certified medical-grade equipment. ❌ Industrial ozone generators or concentrator/air-based devices are not appropriate for medical use. Why? When ozone is produced from ambient air, nitrogen oxide derivatives may form, which can cause both respiratory and systemic toxicity. A proper medical ozone device should: Operate using a medical oxygen cylinder. Deliver a controlled and measurable concentration range. Safe concentration range: ✅ 1–80 gamma (µg/mL) Key risk point: Industrial devices often produce ozone in grams, which may reach lethal levels. 📌 Device calibration is also critical: A deviation of ±1 gamma may be acceptable; anything beyond that is considered unsafe. Therefore, annual servicing and calibration are mandatory. How Does Ozone Act in the Body? When ozone is introduced into the bloodstream, two key “messenger” groups are generated: ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) LOP (Lipid Oxidation Products) These substances activate the NRF2 pathway within cells and stimulate antioxidant defense gene expression. ✅ Primary Clinical Effects of Ozone Induces controlled oxidative stress → Activates and strengthens endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. Enhances circulation and oxygenation Facilitates oxygen release from hemoglobin → improved tissue oxygenation. Increases nitric oxide release from the endothelium → supports microcirculation. Modulates immunity (dose-dependent) Low dose → immune activation and antioxidant reinforcement High dose → cytokine suppression and immunosuppressive effect Supports tissue repair Enhances collagen synthesis → accelerates wound healing May increase mitochondrial ATP production → supports general recovery and well-being Dosage Principles (The Most Critical Segment of the Seminar) Dr. Natur categorized clinical dosing as follows: 10–20 gamma: Oxygenation, tissue repair, support in gangrene/ischemia 20–30 gamma: General recovery dose, organ damage support, systemic rehabilitation 40–50 gamma: Antiviral/antimicrobial effects; autoimmune and allergic conditions 60–70 gamma: Severe viral burden + acute rectal bleeding control >80 gamma: Cytotoxic → not used therapeutically 📌 Cancer cases: In his clinical practice, Dr. Natur typically stays at 10 gamma and does not exceed 20 gamma. Routes of Administration Ozone can be administered through multiple routes except via the lungs. Major Autohemotherapy (Ozonation of Blood) 50–250 mL of blood is drawn Mixed with an equal volume of ozone gas Immediately reinfused intravenously Requires 8–15 sessions (2–3 times per week) Clinical applications: infections, circulatory disorders, oncology support, autoimmune diseases, organ insufficiencies, diabetes. Important materials note: Ozone-resistant tubing and syringes must be used (glass/teflon/siliconized). Standard plastic syringes and infusion sets may pose a microplastic release risk. Rectal Insufflation (Systemic and Practical) One of the most practical systemic approaches in small animals. More sessions may be required compared to major autohemotherapy. Recommended volumes: Cats: 20–30 mL Small dogs: 30–60 mL Medium–large dogs: 60–150 mL 📌 Rapid administration or excessive volume may increase the risk of colon distension or rupture. Minor Autohemotherapy (“Ozone Vaccine”) 2–10 mL of blood is drawn Mixed with an equal volume of ozone Administered SC/IM This may be considered a nonspecific immune-supportive approach and may be preferred for allergic, viral, and dermatologic autoimmune conditions. Bag/Cup Ozonation (Local Application) Commonly used for chronic or infected wounds. The wound and the interior of the bag are moistened (ozone is ineffective on dry surfaces). The bag is vacuum-sealed. Ozone is introduced for 15–20 minutes. Dosage strategy: Infected phase: 70–80 gamma Healing phase: 20–30 gamma Local Injections May be administered intramuscularly, perilesionally, paravertebrally, or at acupuncture points. Typically 10–20 gamma in small volumes (0.1–0.3 mL). Intra-articular applications: Used for OA, arthritis, meniscal conditions, etc. For acute cases, ozone is recommended first, followed by PRP. Dr. Natur noted that combining PRP with ozone may enhance PRP efficacy. Intradiscal / Foraminal Ozone (Notable in Neurology) This was one of the most striking sections of the seminar. Within the intervertebral disc, ozone may: reduce inflammation decrease disc volume by facilitating dehydration reduce pain Dr. Natur shared cases where paraplegic dogs regained the ability to walk within weeks, including a chronic paraplegic case of six months’ duration that stood again within 45 days. Protocol approach: First-line: paravertebral/foraminal ozone (less invasive) If no response within 3–5 days → intradiscal ozone (general anesthesia + fluoroscopic guidance) Where Can Ozone Therapy Be Effective? Ozone therapy has a wide range of clinical applications in veterinary practice, including: Viral diseases (e.g., parvovirus, distemper) Dermatology (atopic dermatitis, chronic otitis, wound management) Orthopedics (OA, tendon and meniscal disorders) Neurology (disc herniation, epilepsy support) Diabetic wounds and gangrene Supportive care in kidney/liver insufficiency Autoimmune and rheumatic diseases Gynecological infections such as mastitis and endometritis (supported in the literature) Critical Warning Regarding “Ozonated Serum” At the end of the session, Dr. Natur emphasized an important caution: ❌ Ozonating isotonic solutions/serum is not true ozone therapy. When ozone reacts with isotonic fluids, sodium hypochlorite may form, shifting the procedure toward a chemical effect (similar to bleach-like reactions) rather than biological ozone therapy. Conclusion: Ozone Is Not “Alternative”—It Is a Powerful Clinical Tool When Used Correctly The clinical impact of ozone therapy can be substantial when applied under appropriate conditions: ✅ With the right device, correct dose, and proper materials, ozone may: help control infections support circulation accelerate regeneration reduce pain modulate immune function ❌ With an incorrect device or uncontrolled dosing, it may: become toxic cause more harm than benefit The clinical summary of the seminar was captured in the following statement: “Ozone is not a cure-all, but with the right protocol it can provide significant support in many conditions.” We will continue sharing key takeaways from VetSummit 2025 sessions under the sponsorship of Kito Healthy Pet Food Ecosystem. We look forward to meeting you again in upcoming content designed to support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, please visit www.kito.pet, follow us on social media, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

As part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, held within the scope of the Healthy Pet Food Ecosystem and sponsored by Kito, we have compiled the key takeaways from the session titled “Veterinarian Batuhan Elifoğlu / Introduction to Oral and Dental Health in Cats and Dogs: Anatomy, Dental Charting and COHAT” in this blog post for you. We would like to thank our lecturer for his presentation. Two Things Happened at Once: Nutrition for Longevity and a Clinical Guide to Dental Medicine For veterinary students and clinicians, the 8th session of the October 2025 VetSummit delivered two experiences at the same time. On one hand, we listened to Kito’s story—an effort to reshape the answer to the question “What are we feeding our pets?” On the other hand, we explored an introductory veterinary dentistry session that provided a clinical answer to the question “How do we interpret the oral cavity?” In this article, we present both the big picture from the sponsor presentation and the practical clinical knowledge shared by Batuhan Elifoğlu on oral and dental health in cats and dogs—all in one smooth, blog-style flow. More Than a Pet Food Brand: Kito’s “Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem” The session opened with Kito’s co-founder, Alper, being invited to the stage. From the very first minutes, the framework was clear: Kito positions itself not only as a pet food brand, but as a nutrition ecosystem designed to help pets live longer and healthier lives. Key strengths: Full control of meat sourcing Lamb and beef are produced antibiotic-free and GMO-free at the founders’ own farm, Karkas Farm. Other ingredients such as chicken, turkey, and salmon are sourced according to standards set by Kito. In other words: “Kito knows exactly what goes into the product.” Large-scale production through strong partners Dardanel is both an investor and a production partner. The sterilization and shelf-life technology (autoclave processing) comes from Dardanel’s experience in ready-to-eat foods and seafood. Kito’s growth story was explained chronologically. Initially, they wanted to launch fresh food products, but licensing processes took longer than expected. So they entered the market first with dry food and treats. Later, the fresh food line was launched—initially produced in their own kitchen, using frozen-shipping logistics with a capacity of 5 tons per month. As scaling became necessary, they moved into industrial production through the Dardanel partnership. This was followed by vitamins, international export operations (a distributor in Russia and a company in Dubai), and today’s point: a portfolio of 52 products. Kito Fresh: How Can “Human-Standard Fresh Food” Last Two Years at Room Temperature? The clear star of the presentation was the Kito Fresh series. Alper described it as “fresh, natural, human-grade ingredients.” The ingredient list resembles everyday grocery shopping: pumpkin, carrot, apple, peas, broccoli combined with protein options such as lamb, beef, chicken, and fish. This naturally leads to an important question: “How can fresh food remain stable for 24 months at room temperature?” The answer is simple but critical: the products are sterilized using Dardanel’s autoclave technology, eliminating microorganisms that would cause spoilage. Since the product is not exposed to air until the package is opened, spoilage risk is prevented. This creates a model that is both practical and long shelf-life, while still being fresh-food based. Another important point highlighted was the pricing segment. KitoFresh is a complete diet suitable for feeding alone, but it is a premium product. Under local economic conditions, Kito recommends a hybrid feeding model mixing it with dry food to adapt to different budgets. Their website includes a portion calculator algorithm where owners enter the pet’s age, weight, and breed to receive a daily feeding recommendation. Global trends were also emphasized: major corporations such as Nestlé and Mars are investing heavily in fresh pet food brands in the United States and Europe. Behind this trend are studies suggesting that fresh diets may reduce cancer risk and support cellular regeneration in pets. A Clinic-Exclusive Series: “Not Available Online Only Through Veterinarians” At a summit heavily attended by veterinary students, the clinic-focused question naturally came up: “If I have my own clinic tomorrow, why should I carry Kito?” Alper answered clearly: The Veterinary Series of Kito Fresh will be available only in clinics and will not be sold online. This provides two advantages for clinics: Commercial protection (no online price competition) A strong trust perception (transparent sourcing and a story that clients can connect with) One of the most memorable statements of the day was: “We are not Nestlé or Mars, but in a trust-based and emotionally driven space, we can deliver real value to clinics.” The Second Half of the Day: Facing Veterinary Dentistry After the sponsor segment, the stage shifted to Batuhan Elifoğlu. Although the title included the word “introduction,” the content was essentially a complete clinical guide: Oral and dental health in cats and dogs, anatomy, dental charting, and the QUAT/COHAT protocol. Elifoğlu’s approach was clear from the start: “You cannot interpret abnormal tissue unless you understand normal tissue.” That is why he began with skull types. Why Are Skull Types So Important? Clinically, we encounter three basic skull types: Mesocephalic: Labrador, Golden Retriever, domestic shorthair cats—standard reference type Brachycephalic: Pug, French Bulldog, Boxer highest risk group for oral disease Dolichocephalic: Collie-type long-nosed breeds In brachycephalic breeds, the number of teeth is the same, but the jaw is shorter. This causes crowding, rotation, and increased plaque/tartar accumulation in tight spaces. The result: even an oral cavity that looks “normal” externally may hide severe periodontal destruction deeper inside. A Critical Warning About Spring-Loaded Mouth Gags One of the strongest warnings from Elifoğlu was this: Spring-loaded mouth gags in cats can cause serious temporomandibular joint damage and even blindness. When the jaw is held open for long periods, the maxillary artery can become compressed, disrupting blood supply to the retina and brain. Therefore, passive devices that do not apply external force are recommended. The Triadan System: A Shared Language for Talking About Teeth Before moving into dental charting, Elifoğlu explained positional terminology and the Triadan numbering system. In summary: The mouth has four quadrants: 100–200–300–400 Deciduous teeth: 500–600–700–800 Dogs: 42 permanent teeth, 28 deciduous teeth Cats: 30 permanent teeth, 26 deciduous teeth This system allows clinicians to describe any tooth precisely, without relying on relative terms such as “upper right canine.” Dental Charting Cannot Be Done on an Awake Patient Charting is the documentation of a full-mouth examination. But one condition is essential: Dental charting must be performed under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Accurate probing, measurement, and recording are not possible in an awake animal. Elifoğlu reminded attendees of the “four-handed rule”: one clinician calls out the measurements while an assistant records them. This reduces both time and error risk. The standard charting process includes: malocclusion check before intubation missing teeth or mass evaluation periodontal probing (at least 4 sites per tooth) treatment plan and procedure notes postoperative recording and photography Periodontal Indices: “Extraction or Treatment?” This section was one of the most clinically relevant. Periodontal disease is staged as follows: Stage 0: normal Stage 1: gingivitis, no attachment loss Stage 2: < 25% attachment loss Stage 3: 25–50% loss, root exposure possible Stage 4: > 50% loss, advanced mobility → extraction is often indicated Additional indices included in charting forms: calculus index (CL1–3) furcation stages (1–3) mobility grading (0–3) feline tooth resorption index (TR1–5) fracture classifications QUAT / COHAT: The Gold Standard Protocol Elifoğlu emphasized that this is how dental procedures should be performed. In summary, the QUAT/COHAT protocol includes: preoperative evaluation (ASA classification, testing, consent) endotracheal intubation pharyngeal packing (to reduce aspiration risk) antiseptic preparation local nerve blocks supragingival and subgingival scaling dental charting + treatment execution polishing (≤3000 RPM with appropriate paste) postoperative radiography safe extubation at-home care education and 6-month follow-ups The simplest takeaway was: “If you skip the standard, you skip the chance of successful treatment.” Closing: Same Day, Same Goal The most valuable part of this session was the dual perspective: On one side, a brand investing in the question “How can nutrition extend health and longevity?” On the other side, the gold standards for managing oral and dental health correctly in clinical practice. Both aim at the same goal: extending quality of life in companion animals. We will continue sharing key highlights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key takeaways from the session titled “Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stasis/Obstruction in Rabbits – with Research Assistant Dr. Ebuderda Günay”, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our professor for the presentation. Gastrointestinal Syndrome in Rabbits: A Silent Start, a Rapidly Growing Clinical Challenge In exotic animal medicine, there are some diseases that are “very common, yet still not taken seriously enough.” Rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome (GI stasis/obstruction) is exactly such a condition. A quarter of the rabbits brought to clinics arrive with this complaint. Moreover, the problem usually doesn’t begin “all at once”; small factors such as improper feeding, dental problems, stress, and dehydration accumulate—and within 2–3 years, they can turn into a major clinical crisis. Our speaker explained this syndrome clearly, starting from rabbit anatomy and moving through current treatment approaches. The main message of the talk was: “If a rabbit’s gut stops, everything stops. If you catch it early you can save it; if you are late, the race becomes much harder.” A Rabbit Is Not a Rodent, but a Lagomorph: Everything Starts Here To understand GI syndrome in rabbits, the first correct fact is: A rabbit is not a rodent. Rabbits belong to the lagomorph group, and their digestion differs significantly from rodents. This is why “rabbit feeds” sold on the same shelves as rodent feeds in pet shops can cause chronic problems. Rabbit digestion is built on: high fiber + intense fermentation. When this system breaks down, the first thing to collapse rapidly is intestinal motility. The Cecum Is the Heart of the Digestive System When you look at a rabbit’s digestive system, the most striking feature is the enormous cecum: It makes up 40% of the total digestive system volume Fermentation happens here Energy comes largely from volatile fatty acids (acetate, butyrate, propionate) Vitamin K, B vitamins, and microbial protein synthesis occur here If the cecal flora becomes disrupted (dysbiosis): gas forms, toxins increase, energy production decreases, intestinal sluggishness begins. In other words, the main groundwork for GI syndrome is established in the cecum. Rabbits Cannot Vomit: A Small Detail With Huge Clinical Consequences Because of the strong cardiac sphincter at the stomach entrance, rabbits cannot vomit. What does this mean? Preoperative fasting is often unnecessary. But if the stomach–intestinal tract becomes obstructed even once, the contents cannot move back out. A bloated stomach rapidly worsens the animal’s condition. Also, because the stomach pH is very low (1–2): most standard probiotics die in the stomach, which is why probiotic use in rabbits is controversial. Cecotrophs: “Normal Mistaken for Diarrhea” and Owner Misinterpretation Rabbits produce two types of stool: Normal pellet feces (hard, like olive pits) Cecotrophs (soft, smelly, mucous; stick near the anus and are re-ingested) Owners often mistake cecotrophs for diarrhea and panic, bringing the rabbit to the clinic. The veterinarian should ask: “Have you seen the hard pellet feces?” If pellet feces are being produced, the rabbit does not have diarrhea. Most often the issue is diet + obesity + inability to eat cecotrophs. Explaining this correctly prevents unnecessary antibiotics and stops the cycle of improper feeding. Diet = The Number One Cause of This Syndrome Perhaps the clearest message of the seminar was this: 85–90% of a rabbit’s diet must be hay. The ideal ratio: 85% hay (alfalfa / grass hay, etc.) 10% leafy greens 5% pellet feed Hay is essential not only for nutrition, but also for: wearing down teeth, intestinal motility, balancing cecal flora. In diets high in carbohydrates and low in fiber: Clostridium species increase, toxins and gas are produced, digestive pain + appetite loss begin, the gut slows and eventually stops. In practice, GI syndrome is often “the explosion of an animal that has been fed incorrectly for years.” Risk Factors: Why the Syndrome Has No Single Cause Rabbit GI syndrome is multifactorial: Fiber deficiency / improper diet Dental disease Stress and environmental changes Pain and other systemic diseases Dehydration Trichobezoar (hairball) accumulation A critical point: Trichobezoars are not the cause—they are the result. When gut motility slows, hair clumps together, forms a mass, and causes blockage. Saying “I saw a hairball, so that must be the problem” is incomplete — the true issue is the loss of motility. GI Stasis or Obstruction? Making the Distinction Saves Lives There are two main conditions: GI Stasis: motility slows/stops but there is no full blockage Obstruction: mechanical blockage exists (hairball, foreign body, etc.) How to distinguish: Palpation + radiography. On X-ray: In stasis, the stomach is dough-like, full, but gas–fluid levels are not clearly defined. In obstruction, the stomach becomes extremely enlarged, with clear gas + fluid levels. (The speaker describes this as a “boiled egg appearance.”) Obstruction location is also classified: proximal (stomach exit) distal (end of small intestine) colon (very rare) This classification guides treatment decisions. Clinical Alarm Findings: When Does Prognosis Worsen?  If body temperature drops below 36.6°C, mortality risk increases. Blood glucose above 300–360 mg/dl strongly indicates obstruction. Above 444 mg/dl is a critical threshold: prognosis becomes seriously worse. Important note: High glucose in rabbits does not mean diabetes. Glucose rises sharply during stress and obstruction — it’s a metabolic alarm signal. Updated Treatment Paradigm: Medical First, Surgery Second Old approach: “Operate immediately.” New approach (2024–2025 literature): Start with aggressive medical therapy, and only proceed to surgery if there is no response. Backbone of medical treatment: Rehydration: 100 ml/kg/day fluids (SC if needed, mostly IV) Pain control: meloxicam, butorphanol Gas relief: simethicone Force-feeding (to prevent hepatic lipidosis): Critical Care / Oxbow-type formulas Prokinetic support: metoclopramide (effect debated but can be used) Lidocaine / FLK protocol: lidocaine shown to greatly increase motility FLK (fentanyl-lidocaine-ketamine) is strong, but fentanyl access is difficult in practice, lidocaine + ketamine + opioid combinations are effective Medical treatment success rates in many studies: 80–90%. When Is Surgery Needed? And Why Is It Always Risky? If after 24–48 hours of medical therapy: glucose does not decrease, X-rays show no progress, clinical improvement does not begin, then surgery is considered. But the reality of surgery is clear: average survival rate is around 47% if postoperative care is poor, this drops even further That’s why the speaker emphasized this principle: “Advancing the blockage is better than cutting the intestines.” Whenever possible, pushing the mass into the stomach/cecum and emptying it from there is preferred. Conclusion: Rabbit GI Syndrome Is a Battle of “Feeding + Motility” This seminar reminded us of the most critical lesson in rabbit medicine: A rabbit’s intestines do not tolerate stopping. No fiber → flora imbalance → increased gas → pain → motility stops → hairball forms → obstruction occurs. If caught early, it can largely be resolved with medical treatment. If caught late, even surgery cannot guarantee success. That’s why the simplest but most life-saving question in a rabbit patient is: “What does it eat, how much water does it drink, and what is its stool like?” A veterinarian who interprets these answers correctly can stop this syndrome before it even begins. We will continue sharing key insights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, held under the sponsorship of the Kito Healthy Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our next content that will contribute to your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet and follow our social media accounts. To contact us, you can email info@kito.pet.