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Does a Persian Cat Shed Hair? How Much Do They Shed and How Can It Be Reduced? Persian cats are known for their long and thick fur. Therefore, one of the first questions many people considering adopting this breed ask is: Do Persian cats shed? The short answer is: Yes, Persian cats shed. Moreover, because they are a long-haired breed, the shedding may be more noticeable. However, this can be significantly controlled with proper care and nutrition. In this article, we discuss the reasons for shedding in Persian cats, what is considered normal, and what can be done to reduce shedding. Why Do Persian Cats Shed? Shedding is a natural process for cats. Persian cats are no exception to this process. The main reasons are: Seasonal hair change New hairs replacing old ones The natural cycle of skin health Since they have long hair, the shedding is more visible, which can give the impression that shedding is excessive. When Does Shedding Increase in Persian Cats? Shedding can increase especially during seasonal transitions. Spring and autumn Changes in ambient temperature Differences in daylight hours can affect this process. Although this cycle progresses more steadily in cats living indoors, it does not disappear completely. What Situations Are Not Normal? Not all shedding is considered normal. The following situations require attention: Localized hair loss Redness or sores on the skin Excessive itching Dull and thinning hair These symptoms may indicate: Parasites Allergies Nutritional deficiencies Skin diseases. In such cases, it is recommended to consult a veterinarian. How to Reduce Shedding in Persian Cats? Regular brushing Persian cats' long hair can easily tangle, and dead hair can remain on their coats. Brushing daily or several times a week Removing dead hair Allowing hair to breathe can help control shedding. Nutrition and biotin support Hair health is directly related to nutrition. Especially biotin, Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids, and quality protein sources contribute to stronger and healthier hair. Biotin support: May help strengthen hair follicles May support the balance of hair shedding May contribute to maintaining skin health At this point, products containing biotin and supportive ingredients, such as Kito Skin & Coat Multivitamin, can be included in the daily routine to support hair health. Environment and stress factors Stress can also increase shedding. Environmental changes loneliness disruption of routine can cause stress in cats. Providing a more stable and secure environment is important. Relationship with Hairball Problem Persian cats swallow loose hair when they clean themselves. This can lead to hairball formation over time. Therefore: regular brushing balanced nutrition products that support hairball control are important. Especially malt pastes can help ingested hair pass through the digestive system more easily and support the reduction of hairball formation. At this point: Kito Kitten Malt Paste Kito Spayed and Adult Cat Malt Pastesuch products can be included in the daily care routine according to the cat's age and needs. Conclusion: Shedding is Natural, Manageable Persian cats shed, and this is completely natural. However: regular care proper nutrition and appropriate living conditions can keep this process under control. The important thing is to distinguish between normal shedding and shedding caused by health issues. Supporting Your Cat's Hair Health Your cat's hair quality and shedding condition are closely related to its overall health. Therefore, a balanced diet is important. A feeding approach that is supported by fresh ingredients tailored to your furry friend and shaped according to their needs plays an important role not only in hair health but also in overall quality of life. Resources International Cat Care https://icatcare.org Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center American Veterinary Medical Association https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/cat-care VCA Animal Hospitals https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cat-shedding

Dogs supported with the right nutrients, especially during their growth period, can be observed to have brighter coats, a healthier skin structure, and a stronger immune system. One of the prominent nutrients in this process is salmon. Thanks to the valuable fatty acids it contains, it plays an important role in supporting skin and coat health.

In this guide, we will examine in detail the causes of nasal discharge in dogs, the meanings of different types of discharge, and how you can support your pawed friend's immune system during this process.

For pet owners, the top priority is ensuring their furry friends live a healthy and long life. The cornerstone of this health is undoubtedly quality nutrition. However, with thousands of options available on pet store shelves or online platforms today, choosing the "right and original" pet food can sometimes be challenging. Counterfeit or improperly stored pet food can pose risks to your pet's health, from their digestive system to their coat. So, how can you tell if a pet food is original, fresh, and reliable? Here are critical points to consider before and after opening the package. The most critical point: Where did I buy it? The first way to determine the authenticity of a pet food is to check where you bought it. If you purchased the product from www.kito.pet, Kito stores in marketplaces, or reliable sellers like Petimo, Tazedirekt, Makro Center, Carrefour, there is no chance of a problem. The Language of Packaging: A Trust Test at First Glance The first way to determine the authenticity of a pet food is to carefully examine its packaging. Professional and reliable brands invest heavily in packaging technology. Print Quality and Fonts: On original products, graphics are clear, colors are vibrant, and text is legible. Faded logos, misaligned prints, or typos are serious warning signs. Sealing System and Vacuum: The package should be perfectly sealed to prevent air entry. New generation wet foods like Kito Fresh use Pantry Fresh technology, offering 24 months of freshness at room temperature without preservatives, thanks to special packaging. If the package is bulging or leaking, it means the storage conditions of that product have deteriorated. Expiration Date and Lot Number: The expiration date and lot number are usually printed later. Ensure that this information has not been tampered with. Content Analysis: The Art of Reading Labels An original and high-quality pet food is transparent about its ingredients. Our "Human Standard Content" (human-grade) philosophy at Kito proves how vital the list on the back of the package is. Protein Source: The first item on the label list should be clear definitions like "fresh lamb," "fresh salmon," or "beef" instead of vague terms such as "chicken derivative" or "meat meal." Scientific Basis: Reliable pet foods are often developed through academic collaborations. For example, Kito recipes are formulated with scientific foundations in collaboration with the Istanbul University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Such a reference indicates that the food has biological value, not just commercial. Analytical Components: Moisture, protein, fat, and ash ratios should be checked for compliance with standards. Physical Control: Kibble Structure and Odor When you open the package, the form of the food tells you a lot. Every brand has its unique formula and production technology. Color and Shape Consistency: The kibbles within a package should be consistent in size and color. Excessive crumbling, pulverization, or oil leakage are signs of staleness or low quality. Odor: Original pet foods have a natural odor specific to their protein source. You should be cautious if you detect a sharp spoiled smell, sourness, or an excessively chemical odor. Oiliness: In dry foods produced with technologies like FMIS (Fresh Meat Injection System), natural oils from fresh meat are homogeneously distributed within the kibble. If it feels excessively sticky or, conversely, extremely dry when you pick it up, it might raise doubts about its authenticity. Supply Chain and Source Verification The origin of the food determines the quality of the meat it contains. An original and healthy pet food should be traceable. The meats used in Kito foods are sourced from Karkas Farm, which produces antibiotic-free and GMO-free. Such supply chain transparency guarantees that the product you receive is not counterfeit and that its ingredients match what is declared. Your Furry Friend's Reaction Is the Best Proof Sometimes, even if all checks pass, the suitability of the food is understood by your pet's reaction. If your dog or cat suddenly refuses to eat food they normally love, it could be a sign that there is a problem with that batch or that the food is not original. Remember; not only the authenticity of the food but also its suitability for your pet's specific needs is important. Every paw has a different metabolism. If you are sure of the food's authenticity but observe hair loss or digestive problems in your pet, you may need to review your feeding plan. In such cases, consulting a veterinarian would be the correct step. On this journey we embarked on with the slogan "His health, your peace of mind," we want to remind you that you need to find not only original but also the most suitable content for your pet's age, weight, and activity level. Would you like to create a customized nutrition route that fully meets your pet's needs? By using the "Create a Nutrition Plan" feature on the Kito website, you can discover the most suitable and freshest ingredients for your furry friend in seconds. Kito Research Team

Rottweiler Breed: Characteristics, Care, and Nutrition Guide Rottweilers are often described as “tough” or “difficult” dogs. However, this perception does not always reflect reality. With proper training and early socialization, they can develop into well-balanced and stable companions. What matters most is understanding the nature of the breed and providing a lifestyle that meets its needs. Rottweilers should be evaluated not only by their appearance, but also by their temperament, care requirements, and nutritional needs. In this guide, we take a closer look at the Rottweiler breed, covering its characteristics, care, and feeding requirements. Rottweiler Characteristics: What Kind of Dog Is It? The Rottweiler is a working breed with roots dating back to Roman times, now most commonly associated with Germany. Historically, they were used for herding and guarding livestock. Key characteristics: Strong and muscular body structure Natural protective instincts Loyal and devoted to their owners Intelligent and highly trainable Moderate to high energy levels Temperament and Behavior When raised correctly, Rottweilers can be confident, calm, and well-controlled dogs. However, due to their strong instincts, early training and socialization are essential. When properly trained: They form strong bonds with their family They display controlled and appropriate guarding behavior They respond quickly to commands However: They may be reserved around strangers Their protective nature requires clear boundaries and consistent leadership For this reason, owning a Rottweiler requires experience, commitment, and responsibility Rottweiler Care: What to Pay Attention To Exercise Needs Rottweilers are powerful and energetic dogs that require both physical and mental stimulation. Daily long walks Structured play and task-based activities Mental stimulation exercises Lack of exercise can lead to behavioral issues and stress-related problems. Coat and General Care Short, double-layered coat Brushing 1–2 times per week is usually sufficient Seasonal shedding may occur Regular grooming helps support skin health and manage shedding. Training and Socialization Training is one of the most critical aspects of raising a Rottweiler. Start basic obedience training early Expose them to different environments and people Maintain clear and consistent communication They are intelligent and learn quickly, but without clear boundaries, they can become difficult to manage. Rottweiler Nutrition: How Should It Be? For a large and muscular breed like the Rottweiler, nutrition plays a direct role in overall health and quality of life. Protein and Energy Balance High-quality animal protein supports muscle development Energy needs vary depending on activity level Excess calorie intake can lead to weight problems Weight management is especially important in large breeds, as excess weight increases the risk of joint issues. Life Stage Nutrition Nutritional needs change throughout a Rottweiler’s life: Puppy: Controlled growth and bone development Adult: Maintaining muscle mass and balanced energy Senior: Joint support and reduced calorie intake Rapid or uncontrolled growth during puppyhood should be avoided. A balanced feeding plan is crucial during this stage. Feeding Schedule Adult dogs are typically fed twice a day Puppies require smaller, more frequent meals Portion control is important for long-term health Key Nutritional Components to Consider For large breeds like Rottweilers, food quality is just as important as quantity. Important components include: High-quality animal protein sources Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids Glucosamine and chondroitin (for joint support) Balanced vitamins and minerals These nutrients help support muscle development as well as long-term joint health. At this point, well-formulated diets made with fresh and high-quality ingredients can provide a more suitable nutritional approach for large breeds. Diets that include fresh meat may also help preserve nutritional value. Health and Lifespan The average lifespan of a Rottweiler is typically around 8–10 years. For a healthy life: Regular veterinary check-ups Balanced nutrition Adequate exercise Weight control are essential. Common health concerns in this breed include: Hip dysplasia Joint problems Heart conditions Conclusion: A Strong Breed Requires a Thoughtful Approach Rottweilers can become loyal and well-balanced companions when properly cared for and trained. However, they require: A disciplined approach Regular exercise Balanced nutrition Understanding their needs and providing the right environment is key before deciding to adopt one. A Balanced Nutrition Approach for Your Dog For large breeds like the Rottweiler, a well-structured feeding plan directly impacts overall well-being. Not only portion size, but also ingredient quality should be considered. Diets prepared with fresh ingredients and balanced formulations can help support both muscle development and long-term joint health. Sources American Kennel Club https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/rottweiler/ The Kennel Club https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/search/breeds-a-to-z/breeds/working/rottweiler/ World Small Animal Veterinary Association https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/global-nutrition-guidelines/ American Veterinary Medical Association https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/dog-care VCA Animal Hospitals https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/rottweiler

Did a new dog arrive at your home, or are you reconsidering your current companion's diet? In either case, one of the most important questions on your mind is probably: "How do I choose the most suitable food for them?" This question has a much deeper meaning than it seems. Because your dog's breed, size, age, and activity level are among the factors that directly affect their nutritional needs.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key takeaways from the session titled “Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation in Small Animals”, presented by Dr. Pınar Can, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Veterinary Physical Therapy: No Longer an Extra Service, but a Core Part of Clinical Practice Veterinary physical therapy is no longer a “luxury add-on” in clinical practice. It is steadily becoming one of the main pillars of modern veterinary care. The presentation by Dr. Pınar Can clarified both the theoretical framework and the practical applications of veterinary physiotherapy. Through real clinical cases, she provided concrete answers to the key questions clinicians often ask: why, how, and to what extent should we use physical therapy? First, the Big Picture: What Is Veterinary Physiotherapy? Dr. Can began with a very clear statement: The definition of physiotherapy in veterinary medicine is essentially the same as in human medicine — the only difference is that our patient is not human. According to the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Physical therapy includes examination and evaluation in order to determine diagnosis, prognosis, and the appropriate treatment protocol for patients with functional impairments. According to the World Confederation for Physical Therapy It aims to restore the highest possible level of movement and functional ability in individuals whose mobility has been affected by aging, injury, disease, or environmental factors. When we translate this definition into veterinary medicine, the goal remains the same: 👉 To restore and maximize mobility and quality of life. Why Do We Use Physical Therapy? Dr. Can summarized the main goals of veterinary physiotherapy in three key points. 1. Restoring or improving mobility If movement has been limited due to orthopedic, neurological, or cardiovascular disease, the objective is to restore the highest achievable functional level. 2. Reducing pain Pain is both: a cause of reduced movement, and a result of prolonged immobility. Physical therapy is a powerful tool for breaking this cycle. 3. Preventing injuries and improving performance In athletic animals such as sled dogs, racing greyhounds, and performance horses, the goal is not only treatment but also injury prevention and performance enhancement. The Physiotherapy Toolbox: Four Main Approaches The theoretical backbone of the session focused on four major groups of physiotherapy techniques. 1. Electrophysical Modalities These methods are generally used for pain control and preparing tissues for exercise. Examples include: Superficial thermal therapies (heat and cold applications) Therapeutic ultrasound Electrotherapy (such as TENS) Laser therapy Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) Static or pulsed electromagnetic field therapies 2. Manual Therapy Manual therapy techniques include: Massage Soft tissue mobilization Joint mobilization These techniques help: reduce pain improve circulation increase joint range of motion. 3. Therapeutic Exercise This is one of the most important components of rehabilitation. Examples include: Passive range of motion exercises (PROM) Active or assisted-active exercises Balance and proprioception training Dr. Can emphasized an important point: 👉 Electrophysical modalities alone are not enough. Real functional recovery requires exercise. 4. Aquatic Therapy Water provides several advantages in rehabilitation: buoyancy hydrostatic pressure the muscle-relaxing effect of warm water These factors allow animals to move with less pain and greater control. Which Patients Benefit from Physiotherapy? Veterinary physiotherapy can be used in a wide range of conditions, including: Orthopedic diseases Neurological disorders (paresis, paralysis, coordination problems) Obesity Cardiovascular diseases Sports medicine and performance conditioning An Important Difference in Türkiye: Who Is Authorized? Dr. Can highlighted a critical point. Unlike human physiotherapy, where physiotherapists form a separate profession, animal physiotherapy in Türkiye is legally performed only by veterinarians. This means veterinarians must be competent in: neurological examination orthopedic evaluation cardiovascular assessment Some therapies may be contraindicated in certain patients. For example: 👉 Electrotherapy should not be used in animals with pacemakers or severe heart failure. Clinical Cases: From Theory to Practice The most educational part of the session involved real clinical cases. Each case carried an important practical message. Case 1 – Köpük Severe Hip Osteoarthritis + L7–S1 Disc Protrusion Presenting complaint 12-year-old dog reluctant to walk aggressive when touched Diagnosis Under anesthesia imaging revealed: severe bilateral hip osteoarthritis L7–S1 disc protrusion The aggression was pain-related. Five-Part Osteoarthritis Management Strategy 1. Pain control NSAIDs ± opioids ± gabapentin 2. Weight management 3. Nutritional support Omega-3 fatty acids, MSM, chondroitin, collagen, etc. 4. Physical therapy 5. Environmental modification warm and dry living environment soft bedding morning heat therapy and massage covering slippery floors limiting stairs and intense activity ramps if necessary Clinical Tip Applying TENS individually to multiple joints would take too long. Instead, electrodes were placed at: brachial plexus myotomes lumbosacral plexus myotomes This produced analgesia throughout the limb. Treatment Plan First 4 sessions heat therapy laser therapy wearable PEMF environmental modifications At home daily 30-minute TENS After pain reduction underwater treadmill (5 → 20 minutes) proprioception and balance training Outcome major improvement after 20 sessions booster sessions after 8 months about 2.5 years of good function (The dog later died due to a splenic tumor unrelated to physiotherapy.) Clinical message: Control pain → build trust → introduce exercise → maintain long-term management. Case 2 – Pati Lumbosacral Disc Protrusion + Prostatic Hyperplasia Complaint 10-year-old Pointer progressive hindlimb ataxia for 6 months dropped tail difficulty defecating Diagnosis CT revealed lumbosacral disc protrusion with cauda equina compression. Additional finding: prostatic hyperplasia Clinical reminder: 👉 In older male dogs with defecation difficulty, always examine the prostate. Treatment Strategy Since the dog was still ambulatory: Initial treatment gabapentin prednisolone (15 days) No improvement → surgery dorsal laminectomy disc fenestration Postoperative Physiotherapy First 3 days cold therapy Then heat therapy massage PROM / assisted exercises After suture removal TENS therapeutic ultrasound (must be applied dynamically) Additional support PEMF Outcome Approximately 25 sessions led to full functional recovery. The dog remained well for one year before developing another disc problem, and lived until 15 years of age. Clinical message: If the patient is still ambulatory in LS disc disease, consider medical management and physiotherapy before surgery. Case 3 – Mülayim (Cat) “Tilted Window Syndrome” Complaint 5-year-old male cat trapped in a tilted window non-ambulatory paraplegia Prognostic Factor 👉 Presence of deep pain perception This indicates a good prognosis. Pathophysiology The primary damage mechanism is not arterial ischemia but: 👉 interruption of venous return Even short compression can cause severe spinal cord injury. Treatment TENS PEMF manual therapy PROM Later underwater treadmill balance exercises motivation with toys and rewards Outcome Complete functional recovery after about 10 sessions over 4–5 weeks. Clinical message: Physiotherapy in cats can be challenging, but cooperative patients may recover surprisingly fast. Case 4 – Hera Post-FHNO Non-Use of Limb + Dilated Cardiomyopathy Complaint 5.5-year-old Rottweiler previous femoral head and neck ostectomy refusing to use the limb severe muscle atrophy Additional condition: 👉 Dilated cardiomyopathy Some therapies were therefore contraindicated. Imaging Findings irregular osteotomy surface bone protrusions contacting the acetabulum chronic pain Treatment Early sessions heat therapy TENS laser therapy Later underwater treadmill acupuncture After 20 sessions ESWT (3 sessions every 10 days) Purpose: 👉 convert chronic pain into an acute healing response. Outcome Weight bearing started as early as the second session. Eventually the dog returned to normal activity. Clinical message: Even poorly healed surgical cases may dramatically improve with appropriate physiotherapy. Case 5 – Helen / Gümüş (Cat) L3 Vertebral Fracture Complaint 6-month-old cat fall from height non-ambulatory paraparesis Critical Decision The fracture was: stable not compressing the spinal cord Therefore surgery was not required. Treatment supportive bandaging medical management After bandage removal TENS EMS for paraspinal strengthening laser therapy underwater treadmill Outcome Walking ability returned after 25 sessions, and the cat was completely normal within three months. Clinical message: Not every vertebral fracture requires surgery. Case 6 – Bobi Multiple Diseases, Meaningful Improvement Diagnoses included: Chiari-like malformation cervical syringomyelia severe mitral valve disease choroid plexus tumor Initial status: non-ambulatory tetraplegia deep pain perception present Contraindication Management Due to cardiac disease: full-body PEMF was avoided Instead localized PEMF low-intensity TENS dry treadmill exercise Aquatic therapy was not tolerated. Outcome Within four months: pain significantly reduced appetite improved sleep improved patient regained ability to stand and take steps Later euthanasia was performed due to tumor progression. Clinical message: Even when full recovery is impossible, physiotherapy can significantly improve quality of life. A Key Takeaway from the Q&A Session Physiotherapy in Thromboembolism In cases such as feline aortic thromboembolism: Electrophysical modalities are contraindicated, because they may increase inflammation and worsen reperfusion injury. Recommended approaches include: passive and active range-of-motion exercises therapeutic exercise manual therapy Heat therapy, TENS, and laser therapy should not be used. We will continue sharing key highlights from VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

This is one of the questions dog owners ask quite often: Should my dog’s food bowl stay on the floor, or should it be placed on an elevated stand? At first glance, it might seem like a matter of aesthetics or comfort. But once you dig a little deeper, the topic actually touches on spinal health, digestion, and even a life-threatening condition called gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), or stomach torsion. So the answer isn’t as simple as it might seem. 1. Natural Posture: How Dogs Evolved to Eat Dogs’ ancestors, wolves, eat their prey directly from the ground. Their posture is simple: head down, front legs stable, neck slightly bent. From an anatomical perspective: The esophagus works in harmony with gravity In a healthy dog, eating with the head lowered does not negatively affect digestion The neck muscles are naturally adapted to this posture In other words, for a young, healthy dog without orthopedic issues, a food bowl placed on the floor is not “wrong.” In fact, it’s actually a very natural feeding position. 2. Elevated Bowls: Comfort or Risk? Elevated food bowls are especially popular among owners of large breeds. The reasoning usually goes like this: "Bending down might hurt their neck." This idea isn’t entirely incorrect. Elevated bowls can indeed be helpful in some situations, especially for dogs with: Advanced age Arthritis Cervical spine problems Hip dysplasia Veterinary observations show that dogs with neck or joint issues often struggle less when eating in a more neutral head position. However, this is where things get a bit more complicated. 3. The Reality of Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) In the early 2000s, a widely cited study conducted at Purdue University examined risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in large and giant breed dogs. One of the findings was particularly noteworthy: Elevated food bowls were associated with an increased risk of GDV in large, deep-chested breeds. But what exactly is GDV? GDV is a serious and life-threatening condition in which: The stomach fills with gas The stomach twists around itself Blood circulation is compromised Emergency surgery becomes necessary Research shows that the risk of GDV isn’t caused by the bowl height alone. Other factors also play a role, such as: Being a large or giant breed Having a deep chest Eating too quickly Being fed only one meal per day Having a more anxious or stressed temperament That’s why elevated feeders remain a topic that requires careful consideration, especially for large breeds. 4. Is the Same Rule True for Every Dog? Not really. Science doesn’t offer a one-size-fits-all answer. But we can summarize the general guidelines like this: A Bowl on the Floor May Be Better If: Your dog is young and healthy Your dog belongs to a large breed with higher GDV risk Your dog tends to eat very quickly There are no digestive or orthopedic problems An Elevated Bowl May Be Helpful If: Your dog is older There are neck or spine problems Your dog clearly shows pain or discomfort when bending down Ultimately, the most important factor is your dog’s individual condition. 5. Bowl Height Is Often Misunderstood If you do decide to use an elevated bowl, the most common mistake is raising it too high. The food bowl should: Not be lifted all the way to chest height Be roughly around elbow level Not force the dog to raise its neck upward The goal isn’t to completely change the dog’s natural posture — it’s simply to reduce excessive bending. Conclusion Having the food bowl on the floor is not wrong. Using an elevated bowl is not wrong either. What science suggests is this: For healthy dogs, eating from the floor is physiologically natural. For large, deep-chested breeds, elevated bowls should be considered carefully. For dogs with orthopedic issues, individual comfort becomes the priority. No two dogs are exactly the same. Breed, age, genetics, and medical history should all be taken into account. If you have a large breed dog in particular, the safest approach is to discuss the decision with your veterinarian. Because where your dog’s food bowl sits might matter more than you think. Scientific Articles and Reviews 1.https://veterinaryevidence.org/index.php/ve/article/view/57?utm_source 2.https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/217/10/javma.2000.217.1492.xml?utm_source 3.https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/gastric-dilatation-volvulus-gdv-or-bloat?utm_source 4.https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/surgical-problems-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/gastric-dilation-and-volvulus-in-small-animals?utm_source 5.https://www.purinainstitute.com/centresquare/therapeutic-nutrition/canine-gastric-dilatation-volvulus?utm_source= 6.https://www.vetinfo.com/elevated-dog-feeder.html/?utm_source

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Pulmonary Hypertension”, presented by Dr. Başar Ulaş Sayılkan, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH): Not Just a Number — A Disease of the Pulmonary Vascular Bed When you hear “pulmonary hypertension” in the clinic, it immediately makes you pause. It’s not something we diagnose every day. But when we do, it’s never something to take lightly. As Dr. Başar Ulaş Sayılkan emphasizes: First recognize PH, then understand which type it is, and only then intervene from the right angle. Because PH is not a single disease. It is a final common pathway reached through different mechanisms. 1) What Does Pulmonary Hypertension Actually Mean? The body has two major circulatory systems: Systemic circulation (blood going to the body) Pulmonary circulation (blood going to the lungs) When the pressure balance (systole–diastole) in these systems is disrupted, organ perfusion suffers. Impaired perfusion leads to progressive tissue damage. Pulmonary hypertension occurs when: 👉 Pressure in the pulmonary arteries rises above normal levels. Under normal conditions, the pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure, low-resistance system. In PH, this system shifts from a “free-flow” state to a high-resistance state. Numerically, PH is defined as: Elevated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure Elevated diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure Mean pulmonary arterial pressure above 25 mmHg But clinically, the real issue is this: PH is not just a pressure disorder — it is a disease of the pulmonary vascular bed. 2) The Core Problem: Vascular Wall Thickening At the heart of PH lies structural change: The pulmonary vessel walls thicken. The lumen narrows. Vascular resistance increases. The right heart must now pump against a much harder system to move blood into the lungs. Initially, the body compensates. But over time: Arteries, arterioles, and venules undergo remodeling. Elasticity is lost. Vessels become stiff, almost scar-like. The feared endpoint? 👉 Right-sided heart failure. 3) Why Is PH So Insidious? Pulmonary hypertension may not become clinically evident until approximately 60% of the pulmonary vascular bed is compromised. That means a patient may appear stable for years. Even more striking: Up to 50% of dogs with moderate PH may show no obvious clinical signs. This makes PH: Late to declare itself Capable of sudden deterioration More difficult to manage once advanced 4) Which Pathways Drive Disease Progression? Pulmonary vascular tone is regulated by three major systems: 1️⃣ Endothelin Pathway Potent vasoconstrictor Increased endothelin = worsening PH 2️⃣ Nitric Oxide (NO) Pathway Vasodilator Reduced NO allows vasoconstriction to dominate 3️⃣ Prostacyclin Pathway Vasodilator Anti-thrombotic Reduced prostacyclin: Increases thrombotic tendency Worsens disease progression In short: When vasoconstrictors increase and vasodilators decrease, PH advances. 5) Cats or Dogs? In Cats Congenital abnormalities are more commonly implicated. In Dogs The most frequent cause is: 👉 Left-sided heart disease, especially degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). Mitral valve disease is common. However, only a subset of these patients progresses to PH. 6) Classification: You Can’t Treat Without a Map PH is not a primary diagnosis — it is a consequence. Classification guides therapy. 1️⃣ Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Idiopathic Secondary to left-to-right shunts (PDA, VSD) 2️⃣ PH Secondary to Left Heart Disease Most common in dogs DMVD is the key player 3️⃣ PH Secondary to Respiratory Disease Chronic hypoxia Pulmonary fibrosis Chronic bronchitis Pneumonia 4️⃣ PH Secondary to Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) Hypercoagulability Endothelial injury Blood flow stasis 5️⃣ Parasitic Causes Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria) 6️⃣ Multifactorial For example, DMVD plus chronic lung disease Key clinical message: It’s not enough to say “this patient has PH.” You must determine which group. 7) Precapillary vs Postcapillary PH A practical clinical shortcut: Precapillary PH Problem originates in the pulmonary vasculature. (Heartworm, PTE, lung disease) Postcapillary PH Problem originates in the left heart. Elevated left atrial pressure increases pulmonary pressure. (DMVD is the classic example) This distinction directly impacts treatment decisions. 8) Clinical Signs: The Language of the Right Heart Signs are not specific, but patterns emerge: Exercise intolerance Dyspnea or tachypnea Lethargy Inappetence Syncope (fainting episodes due to reduced cerebral perfusion) Cough (more common in dogs) Cyanosis Jugular distension Ascites Hepatomegaly Tricuspid regurgitation murmur But again: 👉 Mild to moderate PH may be clinically silent. 9) The Diagnostic “Gold Trio” in Practice 1️⃣ Radiography Right heart enlargement Pulmonary artery dilation Parenchymal lung changes Pleural effusion or ascites 2️⃣ Laboratory Testing CBC and biochemistry Blood gas analysis Coagulation profile NT-proBNP, troponin (supportive) Annual heartworm testing 3️⃣ Echocardiography (Most Powerful Tool) Key parameters: Tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity (Vmax) 3.4 m/s = strong suspicion Pressure estimation: 4 × V² 50 mmHg = concerning 80 mmHg = critical D-sign Septal flattening due to right pressure overload Main pulmonary artery to aorta ratio 1.2 suggests dilation RPAD index < 36% supports PH Pulmonary artery flow notching Characteristic in advanced PH 10) Treatment: Not Just “Start Sildenafil” Yes, sildenafil is often the first drug that comes to mind. But Dr. Sayılkan stresses: Never start sildenafil blindly without distinguishing precapillary from postcapillary PH. In Precapillary PH Sildenafil is often appropriate and beneficial. In Postcapillary PH (e.g., DMVD) Sildenafil may reduce cardiac output and worsen the patient. In these cases, priority should be: Pimobendan Management of left heart disease Reduction of venous congestion Additionally: Oxygen for hypoxic patients Anticoagulation for PTE Guideline-based heartworm treatment when indicated In short: We do not treat “PH” in isolation. We treat the pathway that led to PH. Conclusion: Clarity Wins in PH Management Pulmonary hypertension may sound like a single diagnosis, but it is the result of multiple potential mechanisms. A structured approach is key: 1. Is PH present? 2. Which group does it belong to? 3. Precapillary or postcapillary? 4. What is the underlying cause? 5. How should treatment be tailored to this specific patient? When you think clearly and systematically, pulmonary hypertension becomes less intimidating — and more manageable. We will continue sharing key takeaways from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

Most of us use a simple formula when calculating our pets age: “1 year = 7 human years.” When calculating the age of our furry companions, many of us still rely on the “1 year = 7 human years” formula. However, this calculation is no longer scientifically valid. Dogs and cats do not age at the same rate every year. Especially during the first 1- 2 years, they go through a much faster developmental period than you might think. For example, a 1 year old dog or cat is considered roughly equivalent to a 15 year old human, and a 2 year old corresponds to about a 24 year old human. After that, the aging rate slows down, and each additional year equals approximately 4 - 5 human years. This means your 5 year old companion may not be as “middle aged” as you assume. Age Differences Also Vary by Breed! Small breeds generally live longer, while large breeds tend to age faster. A 7 year old Chihuahua may still be considered middle-aged, whereas a 7 year old Great Dane may already fall into the senior category. Researchers base these calculations on epigenetic data such as DNA methylation and suggest that biological age can differ from chronological age. Why Is This Important? Because knowing the correct age directly affects care planning from nutrition and exercise to joint health support and regular veterinary checkups. You may not be living with a “teenager,” but rather with a companion who has entered a more mature stage of life. Knowing their true age is the first step toward extending the healthy years you will share together. References: 1. Quantitative Translation of Dog‑to‑Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome (ScienceDirect) 2. Epigenetics study updates the dog‑to‑human age formula (NIH) 3. DNA methylation clocks for dogs and humans (PNAS) 4. Dog Aging Project (resmi web sitesi) 5. Dog Aging Project – National Institute on Aging (NIA) 6. Dog Aging Project (Wikipedia) 7. Scientists Found the Formula to Calculate Your Dog’s Actual Age (Popular Mechanics)

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats and Dogs”, presented by Dr. Erman Koral, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Lower Urinary Tract Diseases: Accurate Diagnosis, Proper Interpretation, and Targeted Treatment Lower urinary tract diseases are extremely common in clinical practice—so common that they can appear in one out of every five patients—yet they also represent a world where conditions easily overlap and get confused. In Transcript 11, Dr. Erman Koral presents a clear, practical roadmap that makes real-life work easier: look closely at the urine, collect it correctly, interpret the pH–sediment–ultrasound trio accurately, and then place the disease into the correct category. 1) Why Are Lower Urinary Tract Diseases Such a “Clinical Headache”? Cystitis, crystal/stone problems, feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) / FLUTD, and urinary incontinence in geriatric patients all originate in the same anatomical region and often arrive with very similar clinical signs. That is why: they are seen very frequently, they are easily confused with one another, and they are often overlooked. The lifetime prevalence rates shared by the speaker are striking: 14–20%. In practical terms, this means one out of every five patients visiting a clinic. 2) “Urine Is Gold”—But Only If You Collect It Correctly Urine provides extremely valuable information. However, if the sample is collected incorrectly, we may misinterpret contamination as disease. Two main collection methods: Spontaneous urination / sample obtained by compression high risk of contamination from the urethra or vagina seeing bacteria does not automatically mean infection Cystocentesis (preferably ultrasound-guided) minimal contamination the only correct method for culture and susceptibility testing A clear statement from the speaker: If you plan to send a culture, the sample must be collected via cystocentesis. A crucial additional detail: bacteria in urine left at room temperature begin to die within one hour sediment begins to settle within 30 minutes If you are not evaluating the sample immediately, send it to the lab right away. 3) The First Thing to Check on a Dipstick: pH Normal canine and feline urine should be mildly acidic: pH 5.5–6.5 (maximum around 7). If pH is elevated (7.5–9): The first suspicion should be urinary tract infection, because many causative agents are urease-positive gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, etc.) → they shift urine toward alkaline pH. If pH is decreased (4.5–5.5): Possible causes include: diabetes mellitus renal failure (loss of concentrating ability) very high-protein diets fever, prolonged fasting, intense exercise In short: pH is the first directional signpost. 4) Protein, Glucose, Ketones: The “Three Siblings” Protein (+) Can originate from three sources: renal: glomerulonephritis, renal failure pre-renal: hypertension, fever, intense exercise post-renal: cystitis, bleeding, urine retention Because blood and leukocytes also count as protein, false protein elevation is common in hematuria. Glucose (+) It is tempting to say “glucose always means diabetes,” but this is incomplete: diabetes is the most common cause leptospirosis (rarely) stress-induced glucosuria in cats is important If you see glucose in a cat’s urine, never ignore stress as a possibility. Acute pancreatitis may also increase glucose. Ketones (+) This is often the “next step after glucose.” diabetic ketoacidosis is the primary concern prolonged fasting low-carbohydrate diets pregnancy If ketones are present, the case is no longer mild. 5) Knowing How to Read Sediment Is a Clinical Turbo Boost A simple but effective protocol: centrifuge urine at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes place sediment on a slide and examine microscopically Findings: RBCs: bleeding, stones, infection, trauma, neoplasia WBCs: suggests infection, but not proof alone bacteria: meaningful only if seen in cystocentesis samples epithelial cells: transitional: bladder/ureter inflammation, stones, infection squamous: distal urethral or vaginal contamination (increases with catheterization) renal epithelial: kidney-origin damage (AKI, tubular necrosis, etc. casts: if you see them, recognizing them is enough; the exact type often does not significantly change clinical decisions 6) Clinical Signs: Translate the Owner’s Words Correctly Dysuria: difficult urination Stranguria: painful urination (crying/meowing) Pollakiuria: frequent but small urinations Hematuria: blood in urine Periuria: urinating outside the litter box (very typical in cats) Nocturia: nighttime urination Pyuria: pus/inflammatory cells in urine A key distinction: in diabetes, frequent urination = large volume in lower urinary tract disease, frequent urination = small volume repeatedly 7) Bacterial Cystitis: Common in Dogs, Less Common in Cats Risk profile: more common in female dogs recurrent cases are more likely with diabetes, Cushing’s disease, or thyroid disorders Key clinical tip: If urolithiasis is present, bacteria are often present as well. Stopping antibiotics too early while dissolving stones means giving underlying bacteria a chance to recur. Diagnostic support: sediment: WBCs + bacteria + RBCs ultrasound: thickened and irregular bladder wall clots/sediment (“snow globe” or “rice grain” appearance) Treatment logic: Target gram-negative bacteria first: fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) Alternatives: amoxicillin–clavulanate trimethoprim–sulfonamide first-generation cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cefpodoxime) nitrofurantoin (concentrates in the bladder; an effective urinary antiseptic) Important: Do not combine fluoroquinolones with nitrofurantoin due to antagonism. If recurrence occurs: fewer than 3 episodes/year → sporadic 3 or more episodes/year → recurrent/chronic → culture and susceptibility testing are mandatory. 8) Feline Idiopathic Cystitis / FLUTD: More Stress Than Bacteria Feline idiopathic cystitis is: sterile (no bacteria) stress-related highly recurrent (~58%) Typical clinical package: pollakiuria + periuria + hematuria + stranguria/dysuria Most important task: identify the stressor. This is not “exam stress,” but micro-change stress: changes in feeding time, brand, bowl type changes in bowl location changes in litter box location or litter brand increased household traffic/noise a family member leaving or arriving renovations, new furniture, new electronics multi-cat households → resource competition → number of litter boxes and food stations should be at least the number of cats + 1 Diagnostic clue: In FLUTD: urine is usually bacteria-free bladder wall thickening may be absent urine can appear completely clear Treatment foundation: Environmental modification (MEMO): quiet, safe resting areas feeding through puzzles/hunting-style enrichment scratching posts (horizontal and vertical) elevated observation spots water fountains / running water pheromone diffusers If needed, medical support: analgesics anxiolytics/antidepressants (amitriptyline, fluoxetine, clomipramine) phenoxybenzamine if urethral spasm is present 9) Stones and Crystals: Match the Shape With pH Struvite alkaline urine (pH 7.5–9) “coffin lid” crystals dissolves with urine acidification diets if resistant: acetohydroxamic acid Calcium Oxalate acidic urine (pH 5–6) “envelope” or square-shaped crystals does not dissolve → prevention is key potassium citrate is very effective thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide) rarely used Cystine hexagonal low-protein diet + potassium citrate Urate / Ammonium Biurate yellow, “sea urchin-like” appearance associated with liver disease allopurinol + low-purine diet Breed notes: Dalmatian / English Bulldog → urate and ammonium biurate may be considered “normal tendencies” Newfoundland / Terrier breeds / English Bulldog / Mastiff breeds → cystine more common 10) Prostate Problems: Present as Constipation, Detected Through Urinary Signs When the prostate enlarges: compresses the colon → thin ribbon-like stool compresses the urethra → dysuria stiffness in hindlimb movement chronic cases may show preputial discharge (toothpaste-like) On ultrasound: normally homogeneous and bright gray-black areas raise suspicion of prostatitis, cysts, or abscesses Treatment: Antibiotics that penetrate the prostate barrier (clindamycin, trimethoprim–sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins) For symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: finasteride 11) Urinary Incontinence: Storage or Emptying Problem? Storage disorder: leaking occurs while sleeping or lying down common in early-spayed females urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) / lower motor neuron bladder Emptying disorder: the patient urinates but cannot fully empty repeated attempts at short intervals Quick treatment guide: USMI → phenylpropanolamine, estrogen emptying disorder → bethanechol, diazepam (sometimes acepromazine or cisapride) if there is a lower motor neuron hernia → surgery is necessary 12) Obstruction Is an Emergency: “Acute Kidney Injury Is Coming” When obstruction occurs: the bladder fills back pressure travels to the kidneys risk of acute kidney injury and hyperkalemia rises Practical tips: If the catheter does not pass, attempt high-pressure flushing (20–50 ml syringe) using saline and appropriate solutions. If unsuccessful, proceed with sedation and smooth muscle relaxation. In hyperkalemia, glucose + insulin can rapidly reduce potassium levels. Do not force aggressively before relieving pressure by emptying the bladder. Final Message: Success in Lower Urinary Disease = Correct Classification The essence of this session was clear: collect urine correctly interpret the pH–dipstick–sediment trio accurately complete the picture with ultrasound determine whether it is cystitis, FLUTD, stones, prostate disease, or incontinence select treatment accordingly Lower urinary tract disease is not something solved by “just giving an antibiotic.” If you correctly name what you are treating, half of the clinical work is already done. We will continue sharing key takeaways from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Dilated Cardiomyopathy”, presented by Dr. Onur İskefli, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs: It Starts Quietly, Then One Day It Knocks With Syncope Some diseases appear to happen “suddenly” in the clinic, but in reality they have been building for years. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs is exactly that kind of process. It is typically associated with medium-to-large breeds as a “genetic fate,” but we now know the issue is not purely genetic. Diet, medications, endocrine diseases—many different pathways can open the door to the same clinical picture. In the 7th session of New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dr. Onur İskefli explained DCM in a practical, field-oriented way. Two key messages stood out: “The most critical thing in DCM is early detection. Once clinical signs appear, you are already in a completely different phase.” “If you see syncope in a patient, you cannot move forward without an ECG.” 1) What Is DCM? A Disease of “Loss of Contractile Power” Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle. The basic problem is: The heart chambers enlarge (especially the left ventricle and left atrium). The walls become thinner. Contraction (systolic function) decreases significantly. In other words, the heart becomes larger but not stronger; it becomes weaker as it dilates. 2) The Cause Is Not One: Genetics + Nutrition + Secondary Factors The speaker challenged the classic “purely genetic disease” assumption. Genetics still play a major role: Breeds such as Dobermans and Boxers have clear predispositions. Several genetic variants have been identified. However, other important contributors exist in real-life practice: Nutritional causes Taurine deficiency is one of the most critical factors. Well known in cats since the 1990s, which is why taurine is routinely added to cat foods. In dogs, the risk also increases with certain diets. Carnitine deficiency (especially in Spaniel-type breeds) may trigger DCM. Drug-related and toxic causes Cardiotoxic chemotherapy agents such as doxorubicin can directly cause DCM. These patients must be monitored cardiologically before and after treatment. Secondary / endocrine-related pathways Conditions such as hyperadrenocorticism and pheochromocytoma can create chronic catecholamine overload, gradually damaging the myocardium and leading to DCM. In summary: “Sometimes DCM is fate, sometimes it is an incorrect diet, and sometimes it is the final stage of another disease.” 3) Phases: The Gap Between the Occult Stage and the Clinical Stage Clinical management of DCM is impossible without understanding its phases. The speaker explained this clearly by comparing it to the ACVIM mitral valve staging system: Occult phase (asymptomatic) The breed is at risk but shows no clinical signs. Or arrhythmias are present on ECG/Holter without systolic dysfunction. At this stage: monitoring is the priority, not medication. annual echocardiography and, ideally, Holter screening are recommended. Overt phase (symptomatic) Clinical signs are now present: heart failure, arrhythmias, syncope, etc. At this stage, treatment becomes more aggressive and quality of life becomes the main goal. 4) Clinical Signs: How Does DCM Reveal Itself? DCM typically presents in two ways: Signs of left-sided heart failure cough exercise intolerance tachypnea If both left and right sides are affected ascites (abdominal fluid accumulation), in addition to the above signs Arrhythmias (the most critical alarm signal) ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) atrial fibrillation ventricular tachycardia → may progress to fibrillation The speaker emphasized an important clinical reflex: “If you see syncope, do an ECG first.” Many fainting episodes have a potentially fatal arrhythmia in the background. 5) The Cough Issue: “Heart Patients Cough” Is Not Always True This was one of the most educational parts of the talk. The main mechanism of cardiac cough: the left atrium enlarges it compresses the left main bronchus coughing begins However, pulmonary edema does not always cause cough, because: cough receptors are concentrated in the upper airways there are very few in the alveoli If edema is mainly alveolar, the patient may have severe dyspnea without coughing. Cough becomes more likely once fluid reaches the bronchi, sometimes accompanied by pink frothy discharge. Clinical takeaway: Do not rule out heart disease because there is no cough, and do not assume edema simply because cough is present. 6) Diagnosis: Suspect With Radiographs, Confirm With Echocardiography Physical examination is the foundation The speaker strongly emphasized full-body clinical examination before advanced testing: inspection palpation auscultation respiratory rate, pulse quality, temperature Without this, further testing becomes “imaging without knowing what you are looking for.” ECG Common findings: sinus tachycardia atrial fibrillation ventricular premature complexes In syncope cases, ECG is a life-saving first step. Radiography Generalized cardiomegaly can be seen, but this alone does not confirm DCM because: pericardial effusion may create a similar appearance. Echocardiography (the diagnostic key) Echocardiographic criteria supporting DCM include: normalized LVIDd > 1.7 sphericity index > 1.65 fractional shortening (FS) < 25% ejection fraction (EF) < 45% LA/Ao ≥ 1.6 EPSS > 7.7 With echo images, the speaker clearly demonstrated: the ventricle is enlarged, walls are thin, and contraction is weak—like “an incomplete closure performed by hand.” 7) Nutritional DCM: The Grain-Free Diet Paradox A growing issue in real-world practice: a small-breed dog (for example, a Yorkshire Terrier) developing DCM after 10 years on a grain-free diet. The mechanism: grain-free diets often rely heavily on plant-based proteins (lentils, peas). The methionine–taurine synthesis cycle may not be adequately supported. Over time, nutritional DCM may develop. Key warning: “Even if the breed is not predisposed, diet history can still lead to DCM.” 8) Treatment: Management Based on Phase Occult phase do not start medication in asymptomatic at-risk patients regular monitoring + avoid intense exercise omega-3 may be recommended (evidence is limited but benefits are possible) Arrhythmia present without systolic dysfunction Holter monitoring is ideal; if not available, serial ECGs antiarrhythmic therapy if needed taurine/carnitine supplementation + dietary correction Systolic dysfunction begins (preclinical stage similar to B2) pimobendan becomes essential based on the PROTECT study, it is emphasized to delay clinical signs Clinical heart failure (Stage C) Four core drugs form the backbone: loop diuretic (furosemide) ACE inhibitor pimobendan spironolactone Arrhythmia-specific therapy: atrial fibrillation: diltiazem / digoxin VPCs: sotalol / mexiletine / amiodarone when necessary Monitoring becomes essential: electrolytes (K, Na, Mg) renal function Refractory advanced stage (Stage D) torsemide (approximately 10 times stronger than furosemide) hospital-based dobutamine / IV inotropes close monitoring 9) Home Monitoring: Sleeping Respiratory Rate Saves Lives The most valuable homework for owners: sleeping respiratory rate. over 30 breaths per minute = early edema alarm If owners detect this early, the patient can often be stabilized as an outpatient before severe edema develops. If not detected, the patient may arrive in emergency with 50–60 breaths per minute, requiring hospitalization. 10) Anxiety Management in Acute Cases: The Butorphanol Note In acute pulmonary edema, the animal feels like it is suffocating and panics. A practical point highlighted by the speaker: Butorphanol is a good anxiolytic. It has minimal cardiac effects and makes treatment much easier to manage. Closing: The Most Important Thing in DCM Is Catching It Before Symptoms Appear This session left three clear clinical messages: 1. DCM is not caused by a single factor. Diet history is extremely valuable for diagnosis. 2. A patient diagnosed in the occult phase will have a completely different life compared to one diagnosed in the symptomatic phase. 3. Syncope + arrhythmia risk = never skip ECG. Heart disease can progress silently for years… But one day, that silence turns into a patient that suddenly collapses in the clinic. In that moment, your strongest tool is knowledge and clinical reflex. “The heart may become enlarged, but if you are late, the game becomes much bigger.” We will continue sharing key highlights from VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “The World Within Us: Gut Health and Nutrition”, presented by Prof. Dr. Pınar Saçaklı, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Why Is Gut Health So Important? How the Microbiome Is Changing the Veterinary Perspective In veterinary medicine, there are topics we learn in lectures, touch in clinical practice, and only fully appreciate once we face their real impact in the field. Gut health is one of the most important of these. Because the issue is not simply “diarrhea happened, change the diet.” The gut is a major control center that quietly influences dozens of systems—from immunity and behavior to skin and coat health, and even aging. Prof. Dr. Pınar Saçaklı’s talk, “The World Within Us: Gut Health and Nutrition,” reminded us of this truth. The main message was clear: “The gut is a dynamic ecosystem inside the body. The clinician who understands this changes the entire game.” A 2,500-Year-Old Statement Still Holds True: “Disease Begins in the Gut” Hippocrates’ statement from 460 BC—“All disease begins in the gut”—is now being confirmed again through modern scientific evidence. Thanks to new molecular techniques, we can now see more clearly that: The gut is not only an organ of digestion and absorption. It is also: the first defense line against incoming pathogens, the largest immune organ in the body, containing approximately 70% of immune cells, the home of the vast ecosystem we call the microbiome. When gut health is disrupted, the result is not just “diarrhea”—a systemic domino effect begins. Gut Health Stands on Three Pillars The speaker described intestinal integrity as a balance supported by three key components: 1. Histomorphology (the structure of the intestinal wall) 2. Microbiota / microbiome (the microbial ecosystem) 3. Immune system cells If one pillar weakens, the others are affected as well. A healthy gut means all three pillars remain strong at the same time. Histomorphology: A Tissue That Renews Quickly and Damages Quickly The renewal cycle of intestinal epithelium is remarkably fast: villi are shed and regenerated every 3–5 days. This speed has two meanings: the gut can repair itself very quickly, but if energy and nutritional support are insufficient, it can deteriorate just as quickly. The mucous layer secreted by goblet cells forms the first barrier. The tight junction proteins beneath it form the second barrier. If these proteins weaken and spaces open between cells, pathogens can “leak” through the wall, and the process becomes infection. This is why the intestinal barrier is far more clinically important than we often assume. Microbiota vs. Microbiome: The Difference Matters The talk clarified an important distinction: Microbiota: the community of microorganisms living in the gut (who is there and how many). Microbiome: the genes of that community + its interactions with each other and the environment + its functions. So the microbiome is not only about bacterial counts—it includes biological outcomes such as: metabolite production, immune regulation, digestive support, behavioral effects. Where Does the Microbiome Come From? It Starts at Birth and Is Shaped by Nutrition The gut microbiome begins colonizing at birth. In natural birth: maternal flora is transferred to the newborn—almost like a natural vaccination. In cesarean birth: environmental and skin flora dominate, and antibiotic/antiseptic exposure becomes more influential. Factors that shape the microbiome afterward include: environment antibiotic and medication use stress age breed/species and most importantly: nutrition Nutrition is the fastest and most powerful tool for microbiome modulation. What the Microbiome Produces: The Balance of “Good Metabolites vs. Bad Metabolites” Gut bacteria ferment nutrients and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): acetate propionate butyrate Butyrate is especially important: it is a primary energy source for intestinal cells and strengthens tight junctions. But the story does not end there: Some bacteria also produce harmful metabolites from protein fermentation, such as ammonia. So the gut has a constant “good production vs. bad production” balance. In dysbiosis, the issue is not simply a single pathogen—it is the disruption of this production balance. Dysbiosis Is Not Infection (And Antibiotics Are Often the Wrong Answer) This was one of the most important clinical messages of the talk: Dysbiosis is not the overgrowth of one pathogen—it is the disruption of the ecosystem’s balance. Therefore: Antibiotics are often not the solution in dysbiosis—they can actually worsen the problem, because antibiotics “kill the good microbes while killing the bad ones.” Typical dysbiosis signs include: chronic or acute diarrhea vomiting gas and foul odor loss of appetite behavioral changes and anxiety joint pain and skin problems Gut imbalance can affect the body from end to end. Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics: Which One, and When? Probiotics Live beneficial microorganisms. Effects: reduce pH competitively inhibit pathogens produce antimicrobial peptides strengthen intestinal integrity Prebiotics Fibers that the host cannot digest; they reach the colon and feed probiotics. Effects: increase beneficial microbes increase SCFA production Synbiotics A combination of probiotics + prebiotics given together. A key point: Prebiotics mainly act in the large intestine, so the type of diarrhea must be distinguished first. Small Intestinal vs. Large Intestinal Diarrhea The speaker placed this distinction clearly into clinical practice: Small intestinal diarrhea: increased stool volume greasy or very bulky stool may be present weight loss is more prominent blood may be digested (dark/tarry stool) Large intestinal diarrhea: normal or reduced stool volume very frequent defecation prominent mucus fresh red blood may be present Dysbiosis mainly occurs in the large intestine. Therefore, fiber-based prebiotic support is far more meaningful in large intestinal diarrhea cases. Where Is the Future Going? The Era of “Personalized Nutrition” The goal of microbiome research is now becoming clear: identifying each individual’s core microbiome creating individualized diet and supplement strategies accordingly In other words, the one-size-fits-all prescription era is fading. The era of microbiome-based personalized nutrition is coming. In parallel, we will likely see growing visibility in: new probiotic and prebiotic species behavior–microbiome research microbiome-based strategies for aging and longevity Closing: The Clinician Who Understands the Gut Ecosystem Can Manage the Clinic This talk reminded us once again: Gut health is not a “side topic.” Nutrition, clinical medicine, behavior, immunity, aging—everything connects here. A fitting sentence for the new era of veterinary medicine might be: “If you cannot manage the gut ecosystem, you cannot manage disease.” And perhaps the best summary remains the speaker’s own message: “The world within us is very intelligent and very dynamic. We must become clinicians who are equally intelligent and equally dynamic.” We will continue sharing key highlights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery in Cats and Dogs”, presented by Prof. Dr. Hakan Salcı, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery in Cats and Dogs: The Vital Journey of Breathing and Circulation This time, on the clinical sciences stage of VetSummit, we took a closer look at a highly critical field that directly affects the lives of our furry companions: thoracic (chest), cardiac, and vascular surgery in cats and dogs. Prof. Dr. Hakan Salcı from Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine explained both the essential anatomy and the emergency conditions commonly encountered in daily practice, supported by real case examples throughout the session. As Kito, we summarized the key insights from this valuable session in a way that pet parents can easily understand—because sometimes what looks like “shortness of breath” or “getting tired quickly” can be a warning sign of something far more serious. What Is the Thorax, and Why Is It So Important? The thorax, or chest cavity, is essentially home to two vital organ systems: The respiratory system: the lungs The circulatory system: the heart and major blood vessels Because problems in this region directly affect breathing and blood circulation, thoracic surgery is considered one of the most delicate areas in veterinary medicine. One point especially emphasized by Prof. Salcı was this: Before performing thoracic surgery, anatomy and physiology must be understood extremely well—because the surgical approach from the right or left side changes which organs can be accessed and which techniques should be used. The Most Common Reasons for Thoracic Surgery: Traumatic and Non-Traumatic Causes Conditions requiring thoracic surgery can be broadly grouped into two categories: 1) Traumatic Causes (Sudden-Onset Emergencies) The most common include: traffic accidents falls from height fights and bite wounds blunt trauma (impact or crushing injuries) These cases may cause emergencies such as rib fractures, pulmonary contusions, or air leakage into the chest cavity. 2) Non-Traumatic Causes (Congenital or Acquired Conditions) Examples include: congenital cardiac abnormalities lung tumors esophageal foreign bodies pleural or pericardial fluid accumulation Some of these conditions may progress silently, which makes routine veterinary check-ups especially important. A Major Emergency in Pets: Pneumothorax (Air Accumulation in the Chest Cavity) One of the most detailed topics in the session was pneumothorax. Simply put: Pneumothorax refers to air entering the chest cavity, causing partial or complete collapse of the lung. It may occur due to trauma, but can also develop spontaneously because of lung lesions or tumors. What warning signs at home should be treated as an emergency? open-mouth breathing obvious respiratory distress very rapid breathing weakness and a collapsed posture pale or bluish mucous membranes sudden rapid deterioration As Prof. Salcı emphasized: Pneumothorax is an emergency, and the first goal is to stabilize breathing and circulation. If necessary, air is removed using a chest tube, and negative pressure is restored. Chylothorax: Can “Milky White” Lymph Fluid Collect in the Chest? Yes—it can. Chylothorax is the accumulation of lymphatic (chylous) fluid in the thoracic cavity. It may present with: respiratory distress exercise intolerance (fatigue easily) reduced appetite weight loss Diagnosis is supported by the milky-white appearance of pleural fluid and its triglyceride levels. Treatment may be medical or surgical (such as thoracic duct ligation), depending on the case. A Congenital Condition: PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus) Another important topic was PDA, which is the persistence of a vascular connection that should close after birth. In young animals with PDA, signs may include: getting tired quickly heavy breathing stunted growth pulmonary edema Diagnosis is confirmed through advanced imaging (echocardiography and, in some cases, CT/MRI), and most cases are treated surgically by closing the abnormal connection. After successful intervention, cardiac workload decreases and quality of life improves significantly. The Hidden Hero of Surgical Success: Proper Monitoring and Support In thoracic and cardiac surgeries, the process does not end with the operation. As Prof. Salcı explained, even the smallest detail matters: full monitoring during anesthesia blood gas analysis, oxygen saturation tracking, ECG monitoring appropriate management of drainage duration postoperative pain control and calm recovery conditions supporting overall physical resilience as part of healing Where Does Nutrition Fit Into This Process? For pets dealing with thoracic or cardiovascular problems, highly digestible, balanced, clean-ingredient nutrition is extremely valuable. Because: the body needs high-quality protein for tissue repair, the immune system is under stress and needs support, appetite may decrease, so smaller portions with stronger nutritional density are often more appropriate. At Kito, we value supporting pets through these sensitive periods with fresh, natural-ingredient products developed alongside veterinary professionals. Every pet’s needs are different, so nutrition plans should always be designed together with your veterinarian. In Summary… This session reminded us once again: Breathing and circulation sit at the very center of life for our furry companions. In chest, heart, and vascular conditions, early recognition and timely veterinary support can save lives. If you notice breathing changes, sudden weakness, or unusually rapid fatigue in your pet, do not assume it will “go away.” Consult a veterinarian as soon as possible. We are all here together to support our pets in living long, healthy, and joyful lives. We will continue sharing key highlights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

Cats and milk… This pairing has long existed side by side in the imagination of cat lovers. Many of us remember childhood cartoon scenes of a cute cat licking milk beside a warm fireplace. However, the reality behind this charming image may not be as innocent as it seems; the answer to the question “can cats drink milk?” is not a simple yes or no. It requires a detailed evaluation supported by scientific data. During the kitten stage, mother’s milk is critically important for healthy development. At this stage, kittens produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme needed to digest lactose. However, as cats grow older, the production of this enzyme decreases, and adult cats lose much of their ability to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. As a result, most adult cats develop lactose intolerance; in other words, lactose cannot be properly digested and instead ferments in the intestines, leading to diarrhea, gas, and stomach discomfort. This is supported by scientific studies and veterinary opinions. Many adult cats cannot adequately break down the lactose found in cow’s milk. For this reason, milk can strain the digestive system and cause discomfort in many cats. When lactose is not digested, it draws water into the intestines, which can result in symptoms such as soft stools or diarrhea, gas, bloating, and abdominal pain. Although milk may appear appealing, it is not a beverage that meets a cat’s true nutritional needs; cats are obligate carnivores and obtain their nutritional requirements primarily from high-quality animal protein. Some cats may tolerate very small amounts of milk and may even seem to enjoy it, but this does not apply to all cats. The attraction to milk usually comes from its fat and protein content; however, this appeal does not make milk a suitable or healthy food choice. Milk Alternatives and Healthier Options Whole cow’s milk is not recommended for adult cats. If you wish to offer your cat a milk-like taste, specially formulated cat milk products or lactose-free milk alternatives may be considered. - However, it should not be forgotten that even these products should not exceed the recommended amounts. Most veterinarians advise that a cat’s daily fluid needs should be met primarily with fresh, clean water. The Situation for Kittens For kittens, mother’s milk is essential. If the mother cat is not present, veterinarian-approved kitten milk replacer formulas should be used. Products intended for humans or cow’s milk alternatives are not suitable for kittens and can lead to digestive problems. In conclusion, giving cow’s milk to adult cats is generally not a healthy choice, and this practice can cause serious digestive issues beyond the myth created by popular culture. Although you may find yourself faced with your cat’s sweet, pleading looks asking for milk, the best approach for their long-term health is to ensure that their daily drink is always fresh, clean water. References Cornell Feline Health Center. (t.y.). Feeding your cat. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feeding-your-cat Are cats lactose intolerant? — Cats Protection UK Blog. https://www.cats.org.uk/cats-blog/are-cats-lactose-intolerant?utm_source Clinical and Morphological Manifestations… (Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2019.) https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol16no4/clinical-and-morphological-manifestations-of-disorders-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-of-cats-with-regular-consumption-of-lactos

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Looking to the Future in Veterinary Practice: Potential, Opportunities, and Making a Difference”, presented by Prof. Dr. Duygu Dalğın, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. The New Game in Veterinary Medicine: Where Are Clinics Going, and What Should We Be Looking At? While studying in veterinary school, many of us imagine a similar “future picture”: opening a clinic right after graduation, establishing stability within a few years, and building a comfortable life around vaccines, parasite prevention, and routine examinations. Ten to fifteen years ago, this picture was largely realistic. Today, the scene has changed—and not only locally. Globally, the veterinary sector is moving in a completely different direction. Prof. Dr. Duygu Dalğın’s talk explains exactly this turning point. Her message is very clear: “If we keep playing the old game, we lose. If we build the new game, we win.” 1) Let’s Face Reality: There Are Too Many of Us The number of veterinary schools and graduates has reached a level where competition is no longer “normal.” To illustrate this, the speaker gave a striking comparison: In the United States, with a population of 360 million, there are 28 veterinary schools and around 2,650 graduates per year. In countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, and Canada, the number of schools is far lower. In Türkiye, there are 32 veterinary schools and nearly 3,000 graduates annually. This is not meant to discourage—it is meant to help build strategy. Because when supply exceeds demand, doing “what everyone else is doing” decreases the chance of survival. In short: Opening a clinic is no longer an “automatic post-graduation step.” It is a high-risk business decision that requires a serious plan. 2) The Netherlands Example: If Resources Are Limited, Is the Game Over? No. One of the most impactful examples was the Netherlands: a very small country, with salty soil and limited agricultural land—yet one of the world’s biggest exporters. How? Through added value and re-export. They import raw products produced elsewhere, transform them through technology and processing, and then export them again at a much higher value. The message is clear: “Resources may be limited and conditions may be difficult, but leadership is possible with the right strategy.” Veterinary medicine works the same way: instead of clinging to the old model, we must move toward high-value new fields. 3) Pet Ownership Has Changed, and Clinic Income Is Shrinking For many years, the main motivation for owners to visit veterinarians was vaccines and parasite control. The speaker argues that this is no longer sustainable. Key findings from studies: Vaccine skepticism is increasing among cat owners, especially after the pandemic. Veterinary visits occur more for routine procedures than for illness-driven consultations. Visits for behavioral problems or psychiatric support are extremely rare. What does this mean? “If a clinic survives mainly through vaccines and parasite treatments, that clinic model is already dead.” It is harsh, but true. Without new revenue models and new service types, many clinics will either close or shrink dramatically. 4) The Biggest Wave: Geriatrics and Longevity If you observe the patient population in clinics, you will see that cats and dogs are getting older. A significant portion of patients is now geriatric. The speaker stated clearly: In cats, the proportion of patients older than 11 years is nearly half. Dogs show similarly high ratios. After age 6, the frequency of clinic visits increases dramatically. In other words, modern companion-animal practice cannot exist without strong geriatric knowledge. But an even bigger trend is rising: longevity and wellness. The “long life and well-being” industry, already massive in human medicine, is rapidly entering the pet world. In the United States, for example: DNA methylation / cellular age tests are being sold for pets. Owners collect a swab sample at home and send it to a lab. The result measures not chronological age, but biological/cellular age. Veterinarians then prescribe supplements and lifestyle protocols. The test is repeated in 6 months, with the goal of “pushing the age backward.” This represents a new treatment paradigm in veterinary medicine. And the most striking news shared: Longevity vaccines designed to reduce IGF hormone levels in dogs have received FDA approval and are expected to enter the market in 2026. The speaker described this almost like an alarm: The world is shifting into a new medical paradigm, and many of us are not even aware of it. 5) Integrative / Holistic Medicine: Why Is the Profit Going Elsewhere? Today, there is a broad “holistic medicine” market—from acupuncture and phytotherapy to behavioral counseling and rehabilitation. But in many places, veterinarians are not the ones earning from this space. People outside the profession are taking the market, because veterinarians remain in their comfort zones. The speaker gave a blunt example: “There are ‘animal telepaths’ who are fully booked and earning huge money—not because I approve, but because we never entered the space, so the profit flows there.” Integrative medicine includes many areas: acupuncture rehabilitation / physiotherapy laser therapy phytotherapy and supplementation regenerative medicine (stem cells, PRP, exosomes) hyperbaric oxygen therapy clinical nutrition behavioral medicine / psychiatry The key idea is simple: If you do the same work as the clinic down the street with 15 years of experience, why should the client choose you? You need a different value proposition. 6) Pet-Tech and Wearable Technology One of the most exciting parts of the talk was technology, because the pet industry is rapidly copying human health technology. Examples include: smart feeding bowls (that open only when the correct animal approaches) health-monitoring collars glucose sensors for cats and dogs (such as Freestyle Libre) anxiety vests, automatic litter boxes, behavior trackers Production in Türkiye is still extremely limited. That is why the speaker offered a recommendation: “Partner with engineers and build pet electronics and pet-tech startups.” This field is particularly well-suited for younger generations. 7) Halal Pet Food and the Middle East Market: An Untapped Gold Mine Türkiye already exports large volumes of pet food to the Middle East. But the speaker pointed to a market gap that almost no one is addressing: halal-certified dry pet food. The Middle East wants it. There is some supply in cat food, but halal dry dog food is almost nonexistent because: halal-certified production infrastructure is costly dry food technology requires investment But the upside is: You do not have to build it alone. The speaker emphasized angel investment and startup culture: With strong feasibility studies, investment can be secured. 8) Pet Dietetics and Cellular Therapies Two additional high-potential niches: Pet dietetics / clinical nutrition Just as dietetics exploded in human health, there is a major gap on the pet side. Owners are feeding homemade diets without guidance. Veterinary dietetics—especially in large cities—could become a powerful business model. Cellular and molecular therapies PRP, stem cells, exosomes, immunotherapy, targeted chemotherapy, DNA/RNA-based approaches… Very few clinics currently offer these. Building a dedicated “cellular therapy center” could become a serious specialization and competitive advantage. 9) Health Tourism + Pet Tourism Türkiye is already strong in human medical tourism. The speaker described a new “combined model”: A person travels from abroad to Türkiye for a cosmetic or medical procedure. They bring their cat or dog with them. While the owner receives treatment, the pet stays at an animal hospital. Within 10 days, both human and pet medical needs are addressed—often at one-third of the cost of Europe. One clinic in Antalya has already launched this concept. This may become one of the highest-income customer channels of the future. Closing: “You Are Standing on the Edge of All Possibilities” The talk ended as a call that blended hope and responsibility: Know yourself. Understand what kind of life you need. Choose the field that will allow you to build that life. You are not obligated to follow the traditional path. Veterinary medicine is no longer a single road—it is hundreds of roads. And perhaps the most critical sentence of all: “Do not rinse yourself with the same water you washed in. The world has changed—so must you.” We will continue sharing key highlights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “My Dog Suddenly Fainted While Walking in the Park! Cardiology Emergencies”, presented by Prof. Dr. Yücel Meral, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. The Fear of ECG in Veterinary Cardiology: Life-Saving Knowledge in 30 Seconds in the Field In veterinary medicine, there are topics that feel “difficult and distant” in school but become immediate reality once you enter clinical practice. Cardiology is exactly one of those fields. Heart disease does not always progress as a “slow process.” Sometimes a patient arrives and you truly have only 30–40 seconds. Is the heart beating? Is the rhythm lethal? Where should intervention begin? All of that must be determined within that time frame. Prof. Dr. Yücel Meral’s talk in Session 6 of New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences focused precisely on this reality. Rather than presenting cardiology as a pile of theory, he explained it as a clinical discipline that must become an instinctive reflex. The main message was clear: “You cannot say you examined the heart without an ECG. Some nights, your only chance is the ECG.” 1) The Heart Is Not Just a “Pump”—It Is a Self-Operating Muscular System The first misconception that must be corrected is this: The heart is not a simple pump. It is a miraculous muscle system that operates on its own, controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It beats 60–100 times per minute (or even more in some species), carrying the entire body’s oxygen, nutrient, and waste circulation. That is why even a small electrical disturbance can rapidly turn into collapse affecting breathing, circulation, and the brain within minutes. Once you recognize this in real cases, cardiology stops being “a difficult subject” and becomes “the foundation that holds life.” 2) Cardiology Is Not a One-Device Job: The Logic of “Holistic Cardiology” Prof. Meral presented an excellent framework: cardiac evaluation cannot be completed with a single method: ECG: electrical conduction and rhythm Echocardiography: structure, valves, chambers, flow Radiography: cardiac size and pulmonary impact Angiography / CT: vessels and advanced imaging He describes combining these as holistic cardiology, because in real clinical cases, you often need to press more than one button at the same time. 3) The First Question in Emergency Medicine: “Is the Heart Beating?” When a patient arrives after fainting, the reflex in many clinics is: “Let’s take an X-ray, let’s do an echo.” But the speaker’s warning is clear: Every step that wastes time can cost a life. That is why the fastest and most practical tool in the field is the ECG. Within seconds, an ECG tells you: Is the heart beating? Is the rhythm regular or irregular? Is this rhythm potentially fatal? Even this information alone can guide you toward the correct intervention. 4) A Fearless ECG Reading Sequence (Because Without a Sequence, There Is Chaos) ECG lines are not difficult—the difficult part is not having a structured approach. Instead of a list of rigid rules, the speaker described a fixed sequence that works in real-life emergency settings: 1. Is the rhythm regular? If RR intervals are equal, it is regular. 2. What is the heart rate? For regular rhythms, use the large-box method: RR interval = 3 large boxes → 300/3 = 100 bpm 2 large boxes → 150 bpm 1 large box → 300 bpm 3. Is there a P wave, and does every P lead to a QRS? This helps evaluate atrial–ventricular conduction. 4. Is the QRS complex wide or narrow? A wide QRS is an alarm sign for ventricular origin. 5. What does the ST–T segment show? ST elevation or depression → consider ischemia/infarction T wave changes → electrolyte, oxygenation, or conduction abnormality warning With this sequence, ECG interpretation becomes a clinical language rather than a confusing image. 5) “Killer Patterns”: ECG Findings That Require Immediate Action This was the most critical part of the seminar. The speaker emphasized clearly that these are lethal ECG patterns. If you see anything other than normal sinus rhythm—such as: ventricular tachycardia ventricular fibrillation atrial flutter / atrial fibrillation supraventricular tachycardias torsades de pointes asystole (a flatline) then the ECG is no longer a diagnostic step—it becomes the button to start intervention. Because death may follow. 6) The First Move: Vagal Maneuvers—Simple but Sometimes Shockingly Effective A step often overlooked in veterinary practice but reflexive in human medicine: vagal maneuvers. The speaker demonstrated this with a live example: In an SVT patient, a correct vagal maneuver can reduce the rhythm from 180–200 bpm down to 90–100 bpm. The most practical method in veterinary practice: Carotid artery massage / gentle stroking Can be used in many species and may lower rhythm within seconds. Oculocardiac reflex (gentle pressure on the eyes) Applying pressure for 15–20 seconds can cause a dramatic reduction in heart rate. Even if the success rate is only 30–40%, in critical moments this is the cheapest and fastest chance available. 7) If Vagal Maneuvers Fail: The “Lidocaine Reflex” in the Field Here, the speaker spoke directly from real practice: “Lidocaine is my favorite—I apply it immediately.” The logic is practical: inexpensive available in most clinics quick response in acute tachycardia Administration: bolus or infusion ECG monitoring you can literally watch the rhythm drop in real time After stabilization, options like diltiazem or beta-blockers can be considered. However, a critical warning was emphasized: Because of hypotension risk, medications should never be given blindly without blood pressure monitoring. 8) Adenosine = “Resetting the Heart” The speaker described adenosine as a “turn-off and restart” mechanism because it: blocks the SA–AV node for 8–10 seconds the heart briefly stops then the system restarts the goal is a return to sinus rhythm If there is no response, the dose is increased stepwise. Although the effect may not be as predictable in animals as it is in humans, it can be life-saving in appropriate cases. 9) The Defibrillator Myth: It Is Not Only for Asystole A defibrillator is not used only to “restart a stopped heart.” Its primary role is in: ventricular fibrillation severe tachyarrhythmias A correct shock can restore life within seconds. And if the clinic does not have the device, the missing element is not only technology—it is preparedness culture. Closing: Knowing ECG Means You Are Not Alone in the Field The key reality this session left behind is this: Cardiology is a vast world, but the ECG is the fastest survival language in that world. Even if you know that language only at a basic level: panic decreases when a patient collapses you start intervention on time you reduce the risk of losing the patient in front of your eyes And the simplest yet most life-saving question in the clinic is: “What is the heart doing right now?” A clinician who can read the answer through ECG moves cardiology out of the realm of fear and into the realm of reflex. We will continue sharing key highlights from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

As part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, held with the sponsorship of Kito Healthy Pet Food Ecosystem, we have compiled the key takeaways from the session titled “Ozone Therapy in Companion Animals with Veterinarian Batuhan Natur.” We sincerely thank Dr. Natur for his valuable presentation. During the seminar, Dr. Batuhan Natur covered both the scientific foundations of ozone and how it should be applied in clinical settings in a correct and safe manner. The core message of the session was clearly summarized in two essential statements: Ozone therapy is not the same as “room ozonation” or “air disinfection.” Medical application is fundamentally different. Dosage is everything. When the dose is correct, it is therapeutic; when incorrect, it can be toxic. What Is Ozone? Why Is the Term “Medical Ozone” Emphasized? Ozone (O₃) is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms and has strong oxidative properties. Due to its unstable structure, it rapidly decomposes into O₂ and releases a free oxygen atom. This free oxygen atom is the primary source of ozone’s biological effects. Key characteristics include: A distinct sharp odor (often described as the “earthy smell” after a thunderstorm). Approximately 10 times higher solubility in water compared to oxygen. A short half-life; at room temperature, it loses activity within 20–30 minutes. 📌 For this reason, ozone is not prepared in advance and stored; it must be generated immediately before administration, next to the patient. Critical safety note: The only area where ozone must not be applied is the respiratory system and lungs. Inhalation is toxic. Brief Historical Overview 1839: Discovery of ozone 1840s: Use in operating room disinfection World War I: Significant role in the management of gangrene One of the key pioneers of modern medical ozone therapy: Bocci A Medical Ozone Generator Is Essential (Industrial Devices Are High-Risk) One of Dr. Natur’s strongest warnings concerned device safety: ✅ Medical ozone must be generated using certified medical-grade equipment. ❌ Industrial ozone generators or concentrator/air-based devices are not appropriate for medical use. Why? When ozone is produced from ambient air, nitrogen oxide derivatives may form, which can cause both respiratory and systemic toxicity. A proper medical ozone device should: Operate using a medical oxygen cylinder. Deliver a controlled and measurable concentration range. Safe concentration range: ✅ 1–80 gamma (µg/mL) Key risk point: Industrial devices often produce ozone in grams, which may reach lethal levels. 📌 Device calibration is also critical: A deviation of ±1 gamma may be acceptable; anything beyond that is considered unsafe. Therefore, annual servicing and calibration are mandatory. How Does Ozone Act in the Body? When ozone is introduced into the bloodstream, two key “messenger” groups are generated: ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) LOP (Lipid Oxidation Products) These substances activate the NRF2 pathway within cells and stimulate antioxidant defense gene expression. ✅ Primary Clinical Effects of Ozone Induces controlled oxidative stress → Activates and strengthens endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. Enhances circulation and oxygenation Facilitates oxygen release from hemoglobin → improved tissue oxygenation. Increases nitric oxide release from the endothelium → supports microcirculation. Modulates immunity (dose-dependent) Low dose → immune activation and antioxidant reinforcement High dose → cytokine suppression and immunosuppressive effect Supports tissue repair Enhances collagen synthesis → accelerates wound healing May increase mitochondrial ATP production → supports general recovery and well-being Dosage Principles (The Most Critical Segment of the Seminar) Dr. Natur categorized clinical dosing as follows: 10–20 gamma: Oxygenation, tissue repair, support in gangrene/ischemia 20–30 gamma: General recovery dose, organ damage support, systemic rehabilitation 40–50 gamma: Antiviral/antimicrobial effects; autoimmune and allergic conditions 60–70 gamma: Severe viral burden + acute rectal bleeding control >80 gamma: Cytotoxic → not used therapeutically 📌 Cancer cases: In his clinical practice, Dr. Natur typically stays at 10 gamma and does not exceed 20 gamma. Routes of Administration Ozone can be administered through multiple routes except via the lungs. Major Autohemotherapy (Ozonation of Blood) 50–250 mL of blood is drawn Mixed with an equal volume of ozone gas Immediately reinfused intravenously Requires 8–15 sessions (2–3 times per week) Clinical applications: infections, circulatory disorders, oncology support, autoimmune diseases, organ insufficiencies, diabetes. Important materials note: Ozone-resistant tubing and syringes must be used (glass/teflon/siliconized). Standard plastic syringes and infusion sets may pose a microplastic release risk. Rectal Insufflation (Systemic and Practical) One of the most practical systemic approaches in small animals. More sessions may be required compared to major autohemotherapy. Recommended volumes: Cats: 20–30 mL Small dogs: 30–60 mL Medium–large dogs: 60–150 mL 📌 Rapid administration or excessive volume may increase the risk of colon distension or rupture. Minor Autohemotherapy (“Ozone Vaccine”) 2–10 mL of blood is drawn Mixed with an equal volume of ozone Administered SC/IM This may be considered a nonspecific immune-supportive approach and may be preferred for allergic, viral, and dermatologic autoimmune conditions. Bag/Cup Ozonation (Local Application) Commonly used for chronic or infected wounds. The wound and the interior of the bag are moistened (ozone is ineffective on dry surfaces). The bag is vacuum-sealed. Ozone is introduced for 15–20 minutes. Dosage strategy: Infected phase: 70–80 gamma Healing phase: 20–30 gamma Local Injections May be administered intramuscularly, perilesionally, paravertebrally, or at acupuncture points. Typically 10–20 gamma in small volumes (0.1–0.3 mL). Intra-articular applications: Used for OA, arthritis, meniscal conditions, etc. For acute cases, ozone is recommended first, followed by PRP. Dr. Natur noted that combining PRP with ozone may enhance PRP efficacy. Intradiscal / Foraminal Ozone (Notable in Neurology) This was one of the most striking sections of the seminar. Within the intervertebral disc, ozone may: reduce inflammation decrease disc volume by facilitating dehydration reduce pain Dr. Natur shared cases where paraplegic dogs regained the ability to walk within weeks, including a chronic paraplegic case of six months’ duration that stood again within 45 days. Protocol approach: First-line: paravertebral/foraminal ozone (less invasive) If no response within 3–5 days → intradiscal ozone (general anesthesia + fluoroscopic guidance) Where Can Ozone Therapy Be Effective? Ozone therapy has a wide range of clinical applications in veterinary practice, including: Viral diseases (e.g., parvovirus, distemper) Dermatology (atopic dermatitis, chronic otitis, wound management) Orthopedics (OA, tendon and meniscal disorders) Neurology (disc herniation, epilepsy support) Diabetic wounds and gangrene Supportive care in kidney/liver insufficiency Autoimmune and rheumatic diseases Gynecological infections such as mastitis and endometritis (supported in the literature) Critical Warning Regarding “Ozonated Serum” At the end of the session, Dr. Natur emphasized an important caution: ❌ Ozonating isotonic solutions/serum is not true ozone therapy. When ozone reacts with isotonic fluids, sodium hypochlorite may form, shifting the procedure toward a chemical effect (similar to bleach-like reactions) rather than biological ozone therapy. Conclusion: Ozone Is Not “Alternative”—It Is a Powerful Clinical Tool When Used Correctly The clinical impact of ozone therapy can be substantial when applied under appropriate conditions: ✅ With the right device, correct dose, and proper materials, ozone may: help control infections support circulation accelerate regeneration reduce pain modulate immune function ❌ With an incorrect device or uncontrolled dosing, it may: become toxic cause more harm than benefit The clinical summary of the seminar was captured in the following statement: “Ozone is not a cure-all, but with the right protocol it can provide significant support in many conditions.” We will continue sharing key takeaways from VetSummit 2025 sessions under the sponsorship of Kito Healthy Pet Food Ecosystem. We look forward to meeting you again in upcoming content designed to support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, please visit www.kito.pet, follow us on social media, or contact us at info@kito.pet.