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"Homemade diets are a significant nutritional strategy that enhances overall health and quality of life in both healthy and sick dogs. The study demonstrates that homemade diets serve as an effective tool in veterinary practices, yielding successful results in symptom management." As awareness among pet owners about their dogs' nutrition grows rapidly, homemade diets are becoming increasingly popular. A recent study highlights the positive effects of homemade diets on dogs' overall health. In this article, we explore the importance, outcomes, and implementation details of homemade diets based on the findings of the study titled "Homemade Diet as a Paramount for Dogs’ Health." Objective and Scope of the Study This study was conducted on 167 dogs of various ages, genders, and health conditions. The participants included both healthy dogs and those with various pathological (diseased) conditions. The primary objective of the research was to evaluate the long-term effects of homemade diets and to assess the adherence rates of dog owners to these diets. The study particularly focused on the following health conditions: Gastrointestinal diseases (chronic diarrhea, vomiting, reflux) Dermatological issues (dermatitis, otitis, tear staining) Dogs experiencing both conditions simultaneously Data and Findings Participant Profile Total of 167 dogs: 30% mixed-breed, 70% purebred. Age range: 7 months – 14 years. 75% spayed females, 57% neutered males. Diet Types and Preferences Diet Type Initial (n) Final (n) Change (%) Homemade diet 55 (26 mixed) 104 (24 mixed) +62% Commercial food 112 63 -38%   A significant increase was observed in the number of dogs using homemade diets (p < 0.0001). The main reasons for discontinuing the diet were owner compliance issues (27%) and dogs not adapting to the new diet (15%). Observations in Healthy Dogs Coat Quality: 70% improvement in shine and softness. Defecation Frequency: 47% decrease. Overall Energy and Appetite: Stable. Observations in Sick Dogs Condition Improvement Rate Gastrointestinal diseases 95% Dermatological diseases 83% Dogs with both conditions 100%   Homemade diets were found to significantly alleviate symptoms, particularly in dogs suffering from chronic enteropathy (intestinal diseases) and dermatological issues. Features of Homemade Diets Homemade diets are tailored to meet the individual needs of each dog. The primary components include: Protein Sources: Chicken, turkey breast, beef. Carbohydrates: Rice, potatoes, couscous. Fats: Salmon oil, sunflower oil. Vegetables: Zucchini, carrots, peas. The meals are typically prepared by steaming or boiling with minimal water and are recommended to be served in two daily portions. Benefits of the Diet Significant improvements were observed in coat quality, energy levels, and appetite among dogs that adhered to the homemade diet. Parameter Odds Ratio (OR) p-Value Appetite 4.07 0.003 ** Energy Level 3.47 0.017 * Coat Quality 9.88 <0.001 *** Defecation Frequency 0.01 0.93 Defecation Consistency 0.01 0.97   Features of Homemade Diets Improved Digestive Health: A 95% improvement was observed in dogs with gastrointestinal issues. Natural and Fresh Ingredients: Prepared using human-grade food, preserving nutritional value. Reduction in Health Problems: 100% symptom improvement in dogs with both gastrointestinal and dermatological conditions. Challenges and Kito Fresh’s Solutions Owner Compliance: Preparing homemade diets can be time-consuming, requiring owner education and process simplification. / Kito Fresh can be stored at room temperature and served in its specially designed, easy-to-open packaging. Supplement Usage: 21% of owners discontinued supplements due to flavor incompatibility (93%) and difficulty in accessibility (7%). / Kito Fresh provides all necessary vitamins and minerals from its ingredients, eliminating the need for supplements. Conclusion Homemade diets are a significant nutritional strategy that enhances overall health and quality of life in both healthy and sick dogs. The study demonstrates that homemade diets serve as an effective tool in veterinary practices, yielding successful results in symptom management. Balanced diets tailored to individual needs should be recommended by veterinarians and nutrition experts for optimal outcomes. References Pignataro, G., Crisi, P.E., Landolfi, E., et al. (2024). Homemade Diet as a Paramount for Dogs’ Health: A Descriptive Analysis. Vet. Sci. 11(438). DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11090438.

Vaccination in cats, just like in humans, is a vital procedure to train the body's defense mechanism against future serious diseases. Combination, rabies, leukemia, or FIP vaccines introduce the "enemy" to your friend's immune system and enable the body to produce antibodies. However, this "training process" means intense work for your cat's metabolism. The first 24-48 hours after vaccination are a critical phase where the body processes this new information and establishes its line of defense. At Kito, with the philosophy of "His health, your peace of mind," we focus not only on the quality of the food but also on the sensitive moments throughout your friend's life cycle. In this guide, as a cat blogger and strategist, we will detail how you can make your cat comfortable during the post-vaccination period, the restorative power of nutrition in this process, and which symptoms are "normal" and which are "urgent." First 24 Hours After Vaccination: Rest and Observation Period It is quite normal to see some changes in your cat's behavior from the moment the vaccination is completed and you return home. The body directs all its energy to the immune system as it tries to build a response against the inactivated viruses or bacteria introduced by the vaccine. Create a Peaceful Environment It is expected that your cat will sleep more than usual or withdraw into a corner after vaccination. Prepare a quiet, warm, and undisturbed area for him at home. If there are other pets or active children in the house, make sure your vaccinated cat spends this period alone and calmly. Stress can negatively affect the immune system's response; therefore, do not try to force him to play. Pay Attention to the Injection Site Slight tenderness, warmth, or a very small swelling may occur at the injection site. This usually resolves itself within a few days. However, if your cat licks or scratches the area excessively, gently observe the area. If the swelling does not grow or the redness does not spread, there is no need to worry. The Vital Role of Post-Vaccination Nutrition: The Fuel the Body Needs Your cat's appetite may temporarily decrease after vaccination. However, the body needs high-quality protein and energy to produce antibodies. During this period, the quality of the food directly affects how strong the immune response will be. Quality food becomes even more important in the post-vaccination period. While the immune system is fighting, it is important not to burden the body with hard-to-digest by-products or chemical preservatives. Fresh, antibiotic-free, and GMO-free meat sources from Karkas Çiftliği provide the pure protein your cat needs in its most natural form. Kito Fresh: A Delicious Solution for Cats with Reduced Appetite. A cat experiencing weakness after vaccination may not want to chew dry food. At this point, the Kito Fresh series (Lamb, Chicken, Salmon, Tuna) comes into play. Thanks to Pantry Fresh technology, these wet foods, which maintain their freshness for 24 months at room temperature, are made with 100% fresh meat content, stimulating your cat's appetite. High Moisture Content: Body temperature may rise slightly after vaccination, leading to fluid loss. Kito Fresh's high water content prevents your cat from experiencing dehydration. Superfoods: Superfoods like flaxseed and rosemary in its content provide natural antioxidant support, protecting immune cells. Easy Digestion: The 100% fresh meat and vegetable combination quickly converts to energy without burdening the digestive system. Expected Side Effects and "Normal" Conditions Seeing the following symptoms within the first 48 hours after vaccination usually does not pose a problem: Mild Fever: A slight increase in body temperature is an indicator that the immune system is working. Drowsiness and Lethargy: It is normal for your cat to spend most of the day sleeping. Mild Loss of Appetite: Refusing one or two meals can develop due to lethargy. Tenderness at the Injection Site: A slight reaction when touched is expected. These symptoms usually disappear on their own within 24 to 48 hours. If this period extends or the symptoms worsen, it is advisable to consult your veterinarian. When Should You Be Concerned? Emergency Symptoms Vaccines are safe medical products, but in rare cases, some cats may experience allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). If you notice any of the following symptoms, you should contact your veterinarian without delay: Significant swelling around the face, eyes, or nose. Difficulty breathing, wheezing, or continuous sneezing. Uncontrollable vomiting or severe diarrhea. Widespread redness on the skin or hives-like formations. Complete immobility or fainting. Remember; post-vaccination complications are very rare, but being prepared and observant can always save your friend's life. Conclusion and Action Plan Post-vaccination care in cats requires careful observation, a peaceful environment, and most importantly, quality nutritional support. Vaccines are the most powerful weapon protecting your friend from deadly diseases. Your duty is to provide him with the best logistical support (nutrients) during this defensive battle. Kito's clean-sourced, antibiotic-free, and fresh meat-focused ecosystem is designed to help your friend get through vaccination stress with minimal harm and develop a strong immune system. Maintaining his appetite, energy, and coat shine is our biggest motivation. How about creating the most suitable nutrition program for your friend's age, weight, and current health status (e.g., special needs like the post-vaccination period)? Visit the Kito website now to use the "Create a Nutrition Plan" feature and discover the freshest, most scientific, and most reliable menu for your cat in seconds.  

Beyond being a frequently explored theme in popular culture, the connection between cats and fish is rooted in biological necessity and the biochemistry of nutrition. As a cat owner, it is natural to wonder how the contents of your companion's food bowl affect their quality of life. Fish meat is not only a delicious meal for cats but also a complex storehouse of nutrients that support vital functions. However, not all fish-based foods are of the same standard. The quality of the ingredients, processing methods, and source are fundamental factors determining whether these benefits can be obtained. Biological Value and Digestibility of Fish Protein Cats are "obligate carnivores." This means they must obtain their basic energy needs and essential amino acids for bodily functions from animal proteins. Fish meat is a "complete protein" source, containing all the essential amino acids cats require. One of the most important characteristics distinguishing fish protein from other protein sources is its digestibility. Particularly, the fish sources used in Kito's fresh meat foods are easily broken down by cats' sensitive digestive systems. Fish fibers are shorter than red meat, allowing for quicker processing in the stomach and intestines. This provides a significant advantage, especially for cats with digestive sensitivities or elderly cats. The Power of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: EPA and DHA The true heroes that make fish meat indispensable in cat nutrition are Omega-3 fatty acids. Especially EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid), found in oily fish (such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel), cannot be synthesized by cats' bodies and must be obtained externally. Effects on Skin and Coat Health The clearest reflection of a cat's overall health is its coat. Omega-3 fatty acids maintain the skin's moisture balance and nourish hair follicles. Fish-based nutrition prevents dull coats and reduces flaking and itching on the skin. If your cat experiences excessive hair loss, this may often indicate an Omega-3 deficiency. Cardiovascular Health EPA helps maintain the elasticity of blood vessels and supports heart functions. Scientific studies have proven that fish oils have a protective effect in preventing cardiovascular problems that may occur in cats as they age. Brain Development and Cognitive Functions Especially in kittens, DHA is the most critical building block for brain and eye development. The high amount of DHA in Kito's kitten formulas and fish-containing supplements enhances our tiny friends' learning abilities and visual acuity. The Kito Difference: Fresh Fish and Advanced Technology When discussing the benefits of fish in cat food, how these nutrients are processed is equally important. At Kito, we go beyond standard production methods by using "human-grade" quality ingredients. Fresh Fish Delight with Pantry Fresh Technology Kito Fresh series' Salmon and Tuna Fresh Cat Food stands apart from traditional wet foods. Thanks to Pantry Fresh technology, fish are cooked in their own juices and steamed, preserving their nutritional value. These foods, which maintain their freshness for 24 months at room temperature without any preservatives, offer your cat a fresh meal as if it were prepared in your kitchen at that very moment. Its 100% fresh fish meat provides your cat with the purest form of protein it needs. Effect of Fish Meat on the Immune System Fish meat contains not only protein and fat but also powerful antioxidants and minerals. It is particularly rich in selenium and iodine. Selenium protects cells against free radicals and keeps the immune system healthy. Iodine is necessary for the proper functioning of thyroid hormones. Additionally, naturally occurring Vitamin D in fish is critical for calcium absorption in cats. This vitamin plays a significant role in strengthening bone health and tooth structure. Since cats' capacity to synthesize Vitamin D from sunlight is limited, this dietary source is vital. Fish-Based Nutrition in Special Circumstances For some cats, fish meat is not just a preference, but a necessity: Allergic Cats: Fish meat offers an excellent hypoallergenic alternative for cats with sensitivities to chicken or red meat protein. Picky Eaters: The strong aroma of fish can stimulate the appetite of even the most selective cats. Kito's freeze-dried Trout and Salmon treats are excellent aids for stimulating appetite. Elderly Cats: Omega-3, with its anti-inflammatory effects on joints (arthritis), improves mobility in older cats. Fish Oil Supplementation: When is it Necessary? In addition to food, intense support may sometimes be necessary. Kito Fish Oil, with its high EPA and DHA content, can be used especially during shedding periods, for skin problems, or when heart health support is required. This formula, prepared in academic collaboration with Istanbul University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, is the most effective way to enrich your cat's daily diet. Things to Consider and Veterinary Advice While fish meat is very beneficial for cats, feeding them exclusively fish (like raw fish prepared at home) can carry certain risks. Thiaminase enzyme found in raw fish can lead to Vitamin B1 deficiency in cats. Therefore, nutritionally complete and balanced professional foods should be preferred. We would like to remind you that before making any dietary changes or if your cat has a chronic health issue, you should always consult a veterinarian. Conclusion and Call to Action The use of fish meat in cat food is one of the most valuable keys to a shiny coat, strong immune system, and healthy cognitive functions. At Kito, we bring this miracle of nature to your companions' bowls, based on scientific foundations and in its freshest form. Would you like to discover the most suitable fish-based nutrition plan for your cat's needs? By using the "Create a Nutrition Plan" feature on our website, you can prepare an expert-approved guide tailored to your cat's age, weight, and activity level. Remember, proper nutrition is the greatest guarantee of the happy years you will spend with them.     References (APA): Kito. (2025). Kito 2025 Product Catalog: Fresh Meat Technologies and Nutritional Solutions. National Research Council (NRC). (2023). Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. National Academies Press. Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). (2024). Official Publication: Nutritional Profiles for Cat Food. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2023). Feline nutrition and dietary requirements. ASPCA Pet Care Guide. European Pet Food Industry Federation. (2022). Omega-3 fatty acids in companion animal nutrition. FEDIAF Reports on Pet Nutrition. International Society of Feline Medicine. (2023). Taurine and cardiovascular health in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 25(2), 45-58. Legacova, J., & Schulmeister, M. (2022). Digestibility and bioavailability of marine protein sources in domestic cats. Veterinary Nutrition Review, 18(4), 234-246. McGill University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. (2023). Best practices in feline diet formulation. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 87(1), 12-27.

Sharing your life with a cute companion is one of the most enjoyable things in the world, but you need to show extra care for your dog's happiness and health. In this article, you can find some tips and tricks about dog grooming, such as bathing and nail trimming, to make dog training and care easier and more enjoyable for you. Nail Trimming in Dogs One of the important criteria for your dog's grooming is trimming their nails every 4 to 6 weeks. There are various nail clippers available in the market for different types of pets. When trimming the nails, you should not neglect the nail-like claws on the side of some dogs' feet. One important thing to know is that there are also blood vessels and nerves in your furry friends' nails. Therefore, you should be very careful while trimming your pet's nails. For such adjustments, you can use scissors specifically designed for pets, recommended by a veterinarian. Order a Grooming Kit for Your Dog The face and ear areas should be hygienic. Keeping the hair short and clean in these areas can reduce possible odors and prevent infections. Using a grooming kit can make these tasks easier for you. To learn how short to cut your pet's fur, you should read the user manual that comes with the grooming kit. Before Washing Your Dog, Brush Their Fur Thoroughly To make bath time enjoyable for your furry friend, whom you love so much, it is important to pay attention to some things. First of all, before washing, you must definitely brush your little friend's fur. If you wash their fur without brushing it first, cleaning the fur can be twice as difficult. For this purpose, you can choose one of the various brushes or combs designed for your little friend's fur. Wide-toothed combs specially produced for very tangled fur are also recommended. Also, using a pet cream recommended by your veterinarian can make it easier to untangle tangled fur clusters. Flea Treatment is Important Flea infestation can often be an inevitable problem if you have a furry friend who loves to walk outdoors. However, your little furry friend getting fleas does not mean that the care you provide for them is insufficient. Nevertheless, it can be useful to know how to get rid of fleas. You should be very careful about getting your friend's external parasite vaccinations regularly. If there is a flea infestation despite their vaccinations, you can turn to reliable brands that your veterinarian recommends as flea medication for dogs. You should be skeptical about natural methods frequently encountered on the internet for getting rid of fleas. After applying flea treatment to your pet, you may need to use a suitable care product to prevent them from getting fleas again. For this purpose, you can use special flea collars, drops, powders, or shampoos approved by your veterinarian. Using drops for flea medication selection is a good way to kill fleas and prevent the development of eggs. Köpeğinize Tuvalet Eğitimi Verin Giving toilet training to your furry friend who lives with you makes your life easier. Especially when a puppy feels the need to pee, it scratches and/or whines to let you know. As soon as you receive this signal, take your furry friend outside of the living area and take it to an appropriate place. This way, it will understand that it is not appropriate to pee in its own living area or in your living area. Using special pads or papers produced for dogs during toilet training is not highly recommended. This is because dogs are animals that can learn to hold their feces and leave them in certain places. However, in situations where you cannot take them outside a few times a day, or during very cold winter months, you can allow your furry friend to meet its needs by placing these special pads in a suitable corner at home. Take Care of Your Dog's Dental Health Your furry friend also needs periodic dental care just like you do. In this context, some points to pay attention to when applying dental care to your dog are as follows: When brushing your dog's teeth, make sure to choose a toothpaste manufactured for dogs. You can give them suitable teeth cleaner for chewing. You can also use a dental spray to clean their teeth. You can take your pet to a veterinarian regularly and have their teeth checked. Your Dog Needs Exercise Although puppies have a lot of energy, they have less strength. Therefore, it is a suitable solution to make them do short exercises at frequent intervals. You can discuss with your veterinarian how much exercise your furry friend needs daily and get health information about their movement needs according to their breeds. External Parasites in Dogs Brushing your dog's fur as often as possible and checking their skin frequently can help you detect and treat parasites before any infection occurs. The main symptoms you may encounter in your pet when there are external parasites are: Excessive itching Skin flaking Abnormal hair loss Black residue/scraps in the ears To avoid such situations, you should regularly take your pet to the veterinarian and show the necessary care to have the external parasite treatment regularly applied. Spaying in Dogs If you have decided to have your pet spayed, you should know that there are various options available. In the surgical sterilization procedure, which is a frequently used method, two separate methods can be used depending on the gender of your furry friend: Ovariohysterectomy (the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus) Orchiectomy (the removal of the testicles to prevent reproduction) Other procedures that you can request from your veterinarian to have your pet spayed include: Hysterectomy involves the removal of a portion of your female pet's uterus and fallopian tubes. This way, your pet's hormone production balance remains undisturbed. Vasectomy, which is the removal of only the part of the testicles that carries sperm in male dogs. Ovariohysterectomy, which is the removal of the ovaries in your female dog, leaving only the uterus behind. If you want your little friend, who holds an important place in your life, to be with you for a longer time, you need to provide them with careful care. You can collaborate with your veterinarian at every point where you need support and improve your furry friend's quality of life.

A cat's pregnancy and subsequent nursing period are a miraculous journey, both biologically and emotionally. However, this process places incredible strain on the mother cat's body. To grow the tiny lives within them and then feed them, the energy needs of mother cats can increase two, or even three, times more than usual. The slightest nutritional error during this period can jeopardize the mother's health and negatively impact the development of the kittens.

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Dilated Cardiomyopathy”, presented by Dr. Onur İskefli, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs: It Starts Quietly, Then One Day It Knocks With Syncope Some diseases appear to happen “suddenly” in the clinic, but in reality they have been building for years. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs is exactly that kind of process. It is typically associated with medium-to-large breeds as a “genetic fate,” but we now know the issue is not purely genetic. Diet, medications, endocrine diseases—many different pathways can open the door to the same clinical picture. In the 7th session of New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dr. Onur İskefli explained DCM in a practical, field-oriented way. Two key messages stood out: “The most critical thing in DCM is early detection. Once clinical signs appear, you are already in a completely different phase.” “If you see syncope in a patient, you cannot move forward without an ECG.” 1) What Is DCM? A Disease of “Loss of Contractile Power” Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle. The basic problem is: The heart chambers enlarge (especially the left ventricle and left atrium). The walls become thinner. Contraction (systolic function) decreases significantly. In other words, the heart becomes larger but not stronger; it becomes weaker as it dilates. 2) The Cause Is Not One: Genetics + Nutrition + Secondary Factors The speaker challenged the classic “purely genetic disease” assumption. Genetics still play a major role: Breeds such as Dobermans and Boxers have clear predispositions. Several genetic variants have been identified. However, other important contributors exist in real-life practice: Nutritional causes Taurine deficiency is one of the most critical factors. Well known in cats since the 1990s, which is why taurine is routinely added to cat foods. In dogs, the risk also increases with certain diets. Carnitine deficiency (especially in Spaniel-type breeds) may trigger DCM. Drug-related and toxic causes Cardiotoxic chemotherapy agents such as doxorubicin can directly cause DCM. These patients must be monitored cardiologically before and after treatment. Secondary / endocrine-related pathways Conditions such as hyperadrenocorticism and pheochromocytoma can create chronic catecholamine overload, gradually damaging the myocardium and leading to DCM. In summary: “Sometimes DCM is fate, sometimes it is an incorrect diet, and sometimes it is the final stage of another disease.” 3) Phases: The Gap Between the Occult Stage and the Clinical Stage Clinical management of DCM is impossible without understanding its phases. The speaker explained this clearly by comparing it to the ACVIM mitral valve staging system: Occult phase (asymptomatic) The breed is at risk but shows no clinical signs. Or arrhythmias are present on ECG/Holter without systolic dysfunction. At this stage: monitoring is the priority, not medication. annual echocardiography and, ideally, Holter screening are recommended. Overt phase (symptomatic) Clinical signs are now present: heart failure, arrhythmias, syncope, etc. At this stage, treatment becomes more aggressive and quality of life becomes the main goal. 4) Clinical Signs: How Does DCM Reveal Itself? DCM typically presents in two ways: Signs of left-sided heart failure cough exercise intolerance tachypnea If both left and right sides are affected ascites (abdominal fluid accumulation), in addition to the above signs Arrhythmias (the most critical alarm signal) ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) atrial fibrillation ventricular tachycardia → may progress to fibrillation The speaker emphasized an important clinical reflex: “If you see syncope, do an ECG first.” Many fainting episodes have a potentially fatal arrhythmia in the background. 5) The Cough Issue: “Heart Patients Cough” Is Not Always True This was one of the most educational parts of the talk. The main mechanism of cardiac cough: the left atrium enlarges it compresses the left main bronchus coughing begins However, pulmonary edema does not always cause cough, because: cough receptors are concentrated in the upper airways there are very few in the alveoli If edema is mainly alveolar, the patient may have severe dyspnea without coughing. Cough becomes more likely once fluid reaches the bronchi, sometimes accompanied by pink frothy discharge. Clinical takeaway: Do not rule out heart disease because there is no cough, and do not assume edema simply because cough is present. 6) Diagnosis: Suspect With Radiographs, Confirm With Echocardiography Physical examination is the foundation The speaker strongly emphasized full-body clinical examination before advanced testing: inspection palpation auscultation respiratory rate, pulse quality, temperature Without this, further testing becomes “imaging without knowing what you are looking for.” ECG Common findings: sinus tachycardia atrial fibrillation ventricular premature complexes In syncope cases, ECG is a life-saving first step. Radiography Generalized cardiomegaly can be seen, but this alone does not confirm DCM because: pericardial effusion may create a similar appearance. Echocardiography (the diagnostic key) Echocardiographic criteria supporting DCM include: normalized LVIDd > 1.7 sphericity index > 1.65 fractional shortening (FS) < 25% ejection fraction (EF) < 45% LA/Ao ≥ 1.6 EPSS > 7.7 With echo images, the speaker clearly demonstrated: the ventricle is enlarged, walls are thin, and contraction is weak—like “an incomplete closure performed by hand.” 7) Nutritional DCM: The Grain-Free Diet Paradox A growing issue in real-world practice: a small-breed dog (for example, a Yorkshire Terrier) developing DCM after 10 years on a grain-free diet. The mechanism: grain-free diets often rely heavily on plant-based proteins (lentils, peas). The methionine–taurine synthesis cycle may not be adequately supported. Over time, nutritional DCM may develop. Key warning: “Even if the breed is not predisposed, diet history can still lead to DCM.” 8) Treatment: Management Based on Phase Occult phase do not start medication in asymptomatic at-risk patients regular monitoring + avoid intense exercise omega-3 may be recommended (evidence is limited but benefits are possible) Arrhythmia present without systolic dysfunction Holter monitoring is ideal; if not available, serial ECGs antiarrhythmic therapy if needed taurine/carnitine supplementation + dietary correction Systolic dysfunction begins (preclinical stage similar to B2) pimobendan becomes essential based on the PROTECT study, it is emphasized to delay clinical signs Clinical heart failure (Stage C) Four core drugs form the backbone: loop diuretic (furosemide) ACE inhibitor pimobendan spironolactone Arrhythmia-specific therapy: atrial fibrillation: diltiazem / digoxin VPCs: sotalol / mexiletine / amiodarone when necessary Monitoring becomes essential: electrolytes (K, Na, Mg) renal function Refractory advanced stage (Stage D) torsemide (approximately 10 times stronger than furosemide) hospital-based dobutamine / IV inotropes close monitoring 9) Home Monitoring: Sleeping Respiratory Rate Saves Lives The most valuable homework for owners: sleeping respiratory rate. over 30 breaths per minute = early edema alarm If owners detect this early, the patient can often be stabilized as an outpatient before severe edema develops. If not detected, the patient may arrive in emergency with 50–60 breaths per minute, requiring hospitalization. 10) Anxiety Management in Acute Cases: The Butorphanol Note In acute pulmonary edema, the animal feels like it is suffocating and panics. A practical point highlighted by the speaker: Butorphanol is a good anxiolytic. It has minimal cardiac effects and makes treatment much easier to manage. Closing: The Most Important Thing in DCM Is Catching It Before Symptoms Appear This session left three clear clinical messages: 1. DCM is not caused by a single factor. Diet history is extremely valuable for diagnosis. 2. A patient diagnosed in the occult phase will have a completely different life compared to one diagnosed in the symptomatic phase. 3. Syncope + arrhythmia risk = never skip ECG. Heart disease can progress silently for years… But one day, that silence turns into a patient that suddenly collapses in the clinic. In that moment, your strongest tool is knowledge and clinical reflex. “The heart may become enlarged, but if you are late, the game becomes much bigger.” We will continue sharing key highlights from VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.

You may dream of having a cat as the joy of your home, your sleep companion, and your best friend, but there are things you need to know before adopting a cat. Although living with your little friend can be very enjoyable, there are some responsibilities that come with it. Before the process of adoption, you must know these details and get prepared. This way, you can take a step towards a peaceful life with your furry friend without any surprises. Adopting a cat comes with responsibilities Adopting a cat is not just about opening your home to a cat and showing it affection. Sharing your life with a cat means taking responsibility for it. It is necessary to keep away from dangers and have regular check-ups for your cat to have a healthy life. In addition to following the formal adoption procedures, it's important to know that a cat needs a designated area in your home to play and a cozy corner for its cushion. Also, you must ensure that your home is safe for your cat. You may need to install safety nets on your windows. When you adopt a cat, you have a friend who will give you joy at any moment in your home. For example, For example, your cat may clumsily move around while laying down, come and show you affection, or make you smile by chasing a fly. Thus, even in the most boring moments, you can find a loving creature and a reason to smile by your side. In addition, cats usually sit, walk, and sleep with their owners. Wherever you are throughout the day, your cat will follow you, want to go everywhere with you, and quietly curl up in your bed to sleep. Even almost no cat likes doors to be closed. You can find your little friend waiting for you excitedly at the door even when you are in the bathroom. Cats also need to play with you to release their energy at home. Running with them, playing fetch, and playing with fishing toys can provide enjoyable activities to spend time together. If you haven't lived with a cat before, you should know that they have their own personalities and emotions. When you adopt a cat, you can easily learn what they like and what makes them upset by getting to know them gradually. Although the first few times may be a little nervous for both of you, you can get to know your cat well enough to understand what they want over time. Are you Ready to Go Shopping for Your Cat? You may think that a small kitten doesn't need much, but especially when you adopt a young kitten, you need to make a long shopping list and a budget for cat expenses at the first stage. You need to complete their needs for your cat to feel good and live a peaceful life with you. The following products should be included in your shopping list: Firstly, you should get a suitable cat food that meets their requirements. You can consult with your veterinarian to choose the food. Additionally, you can purchase the food in small packets to make sure it won't go stale and order a large amount of these small packets to save money. Also, kittens eat different food for the first few months and then transition to adult or neutered adult cat food. For this reason, if you have a kitten, you should not stockpile too much kitten food. You should get a food and water bowl. You should buy stainless steel food bowls that do not cause allergies. The food bowls should have enough depth for the cats to easily reach their food and water. You should get a scratching post. It is important for cats to have a scratching post that fits their size and weight to prevent them from damaging furniture at home. You can choose small scratching posts for kittens and larger ones for adults. A litter box and litter mat should be on your list. You should buy a larger litter box, considering that your cat will grow. The litter mat prevents litter from scattering around the house, making cleaning easier. You should purchase cat litter. Since you don't know which litter your cat will prefer or which one you will be comfortable with at first, it's best to buy several types and brands to try. Then, you can continue to use the one your cat likes. Cat toys are a must-have. You can start shopping by buying a few toys for your cat. Every cat should have a mouse, ball, and fishing pole toy. If you don't want your cat to develop a biting habit, you shouldn't play with it using your hands, and you should always play with them using a fishing pole toy. A carrier is also necessary. You can buy a carrier or bag from a pet shop that you can use to safely and easily carry your cat. In addition to these, after shedding their kitten fur, adult cats shed their adult fur seasonally. Therefore, you may need equipment such as a cat brush, fur-cleaning roller, and grooming gloves. You can purchase a cat brush that you can use daily for your cat's coat health. You can also keep a special nail clipper for your cat in your home. Even if your cat sharpens its nails on a scratching post, their nails may grow long and require clipping. You can consult with your veterinarian to learn what you need to pay attention to when clipping your cat's nails. Apart from the first shopping list, there are certain needs that you should meet for your cat regularly. While the breed of the cat, its gender, living habits, and the rate of food consumption may vary, you should buy a few kilograms of dry food every 1.5-2 months on average. Additionally, you can reward your cat with wet food every 10-15 days. In addition, during seasonal shedding, you should buy malt paste and fish oil in the summer and multivitamins for immunity in the winter. Of course, you also need to constantly buy cat litter, fur rollers, and cat toys as they get lost or worn out. You Should Follow Your Cat's Vaccination Schedule You will memorize your cat's vaccination schedule after a while, but in the beginning, you can ask your veterinarian to remind you of their vaccinations. If you are a kitten owner, you can get information from your veterinarian about their first vaccinations. In later years, you can get rabies, leukemia, and distemper (FVRCP) shots once a year. Internal and external parasite vaccines are given every few months or every month depending on the climate where you live. The responsibility for all of these vaccines is yours. Your cat must have all its vaccines up-to-date to your travels, and its ID is checked before the trip. You should be careful to ensure that your cat's vaccines are up-to-date for both its health and travel. When sharing your home with a cat, you should always meet its needs and show it love and care. This way, you can help your little friend live a healthy and peaceful life.  

In this blog post, we have compiled the key highlights from the session titled “Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats and Dogs”, presented by Dr. Erman Koral, held as part of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. We would like to thank our speaker for the presentation. Lower Urinary Tract Diseases: Accurate Diagnosis, Proper Interpretation, and Targeted Treatment Lower urinary tract diseases are extremely common in clinical practice—so common that they can appear in one out of every five patients—yet they also represent a world where conditions easily overlap and get confused. In Transcript 11, Dr. Erman Koral presents a clear, practical roadmap that makes real-life work easier: look closely at the urine, collect it correctly, interpret the pH–sediment–ultrasound trio accurately, and then place the disease into the correct category. 1) Why Are Lower Urinary Tract Diseases Such a “Clinical Headache”? Cystitis, crystal/stone problems, feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) / FLUTD, and urinary incontinence in geriatric patients all originate in the same anatomical region and often arrive with very similar clinical signs. That is why: they are seen very frequently, they are easily confused with one another, and they are often overlooked. The lifetime prevalence rates shared by the speaker are striking: 14–20%. In practical terms, this means one out of every five patients visiting a clinic. 2) “Urine Is Gold”—But Only If You Collect It Correctly Urine provides extremely valuable information. However, if the sample is collected incorrectly, we may misinterpret contamination as disease. Two main collection methods: Spontaneous urination / sample obtained by compression high risk of contamination from the urethra or vagina seeing bacteria does not automatically mean infection Cystocentesis (preferably ultrasound-guided) minimal contamination the only correct method for culture and susceptibility testing A clear statement from the speaker: If you plan to send a culture, the sample must be collected via cystocentesis. A crucial additional detail: bacteria in urine left at room temperature begin to die within one hour sediment begins to settle within 30 minutes If you are not evaluating the sample immediately, send it to the lab right away. 3) The First Thing to Check on a Dipstick: pH Normal canine and feline urine should be mildly acidic: pH 5.5–6.5 (maximum around 7). If pH is elevated (7.5–9): The first suspicion should be urinary tract infection, because many causative agents are urease-positive gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, etc.) → they shift urine toward alkaline pH. If pH is decreased (4.5–5.5): Possible causes include: diabetes mellitus renal failure (loss of concentrating ability) very high-protein diets fever, prolonged fasting, intense exercise In short: pH is the first directional signpost. 4) Protein, Glucose, Ketones: The “Three Siblings” Protein (+) Can originate from three sources: renal: glomerulonephritis, renal failure pre-renal: hypertension, fever, intense exercise post-renal: cystitis, bleeding, urine retention Because blood and leukocytes also count as protein, false protein elevation is common in hematuria. Glucose (+) It is tempting to say “glucose always means diabetes,” but this is incomplete: diabetes is the most common cause leptospirosis (rarely) stress-induced glucosuria in cats is important If you see glucose in a cat’s urine, never ignore stress as a possibility. Acute pancreatitis may also increase glucose. Ketones (+) This is often the “next step after glucose.” diabetic ketoacidosis is the primary concern prolonged fasting low-carbohydrate diets pregnancy If ketones are present, the case is no longer mild. 5) Knowing How to Read Sediment Is a Clinical Turbo Boost A simple but effective protocol: centrifuge urine at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes place sediment on a slide and examine microscopically Findings: RBCs: bleeding, stones, infection, trauma, neoplasia WBCs: suggests infection, but not proof alone bacteria: meaningful only if seen in cystocentesis samples epithelial cells: transitional: bladder/ureter inflammation, stones, infection squamous: distal urethral or vaginal contamination (increases with catheterization) renal epithelial: kidney-origin damage (AKI, tubular necrosis, etc. casts: if you see them, recognizing them is enough; the exact type often does not significantly change clinical decisions 6) Clinical Signs: Translate the Owner’s Words Correctly Dysuria: difficult urination Stranguria: painful urination (crying/meowing) Pollakiuria: frequent but small urinations Hematuria: blood in urine Periuria: urinating outside the litter box (very typical in cats) Nocturia: nighttime urination Pyuria: pus/inflammatory cells in urine A key distinction: in diabetes, frequent urination = large volume in lower urinary tract disease, frequent urination = small volume repeatedly 7) Bacterial Cystitis: Common in Dogs, Less Common in Cats Risk profile: more common in female dogs recurrent cases are more likely with diabetes, Cushing’s disease, or thyroid disorders Key clinical tip: If urolithiasis is present, bacteria are often present as well. Stopping antibiotics too early while dissolving stones means giving underlying bacteria a chance to recur. Diagnostic support: sediment: WBCs + bacteria + RBCs ultrasound: thickened and irregular bladder wall clots/sediment (“snow globe” or “rice grain” appearance) Treatment logic: Target gram-negative bacteria first: fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) Alternatives: amoxicillin–clavulanate trimethoprim–sulfonamide first-generation cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cefpodoxime) nitrofurantoin (concentrates in the bladder; an effective urinary antiseptic) Important: Do not combine fluoroquinolones with nitrofurantoin due to antagonism. If recurrence occurs: fewer than 3 episodes/year → sporadic 3 or more episodes/year → recurrent/chronic → culture and susceptibility testing are mandatory. 8) Feline Idiopathic Cystitis / FLUTD: More Stress Than Bacteria Feline idiopathic cystitis is: sterile (no bacteria) stress-related highly recurrent (~58%) Typical clinical package: pollakiuria + periuria + hematuria + stranguria/dysuria Most important task: identify the stressor. This is not “exam stress,” but micro-change stress: changes in feeding time, brand, bowl type changes in bowl location changes in litter box location or litter brand increased household traffic/noise a family member leaving or arriving renovations, new furniture, new electronics multi-cat households → resource competition → number of litter boxes and food stations should be at least the number of cats + 1 Diagnostic clue: In FLUTD: urine is usually bacteria-free bladder wall thickening may be absent urine can appear completely clear Treatment foundation: Environmental modification (MEMO): quiet, safe resting areas feeding through puzzles/hunting-style enrichment scratching posts (horizontal and vertical) elevated observation spots water fountains / running water pheromone diffusers If needed, medical support: analgesics anxiolytics/antidepressants (amitriptyline, fluoxetine, clomipramine) phenoxybenzamine if urethral spasm is present 9) Stones and Crystals: Match the Shape With pH Struvite alkaline urine (pH 7.5–9) “coffin lid” crystals dissolves with urine acidification diets if resistant: acetohydroxamic acid Calcium Oxalate acidic urine (pH 5–6) “envelope” or square-shaped crystals does not dissolve → prevention is key potassium citrate is very effective thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide) rarely used Cystine hexagonal low-protein diet + potassium citrate Urate / Ammonium Biurate yellow, “sea urchin-like” appearance associated with liver disease allopurinol + low-purine diet Breed notes: Dalmatian / English Bulldog → urate and ammonium biurate may be considered “normal tendencies” Newfoundland / Terrier breeds / English Bulldog / Mastiff breeds → cystine more common 10) Prostate Problems: Present as Constipation, Detected Through Urinary Signs When the prostate enlarges: compresses the colon → thin ribbon-like stool compresses the urethra → dysuria stiffness in hindlimb movement chronic cases may show preputial discharge (toothpaste-like) On ultrasound: normally homogeneous and bright gray-black areas raise suspicion of prostatitis, cysts, or abscesses Treatment: Antibiotics that penetrate the prostate barrier (clindamycin, trimethoprim–sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins) For symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: finasteride 11) Urinary Incontinence: Storage or Emptying Problem? Storage disorder: leaking occurs while sleeping or lying down common in early-spayed females urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) / lower motor neuron bladder Emptying disorder: the patient urinates but cannot fully empty repeated attempts at short intervals Quick treatment guide: USMI → phenylpropanolamine, estrogen emptying disorder → bethanechol, diazepam (sometimes acepromazine or cisapride) if there is a lower motor neuron hernia → surgery is necessary 12) Obstruction Is an Emergency: “Acute Kidney Injury Is Coming” When obstruction occurs: the bladder fills back pressure travels to the kidneys risk of acute kidney injury and hyperkalemia rises Practical tips: If the catheter does not pass, attempt high-pressure flushing (20–50 ml syringe) using saline and appropriate solutions. If unsuccessful, proceed with sedation and smooth muscle relaxation. In hyperkalemia, glucose + insulin can rapidly reduce potassium levels. Do not force aggressively before relieving pressure by emptying the bladder. Final Message: Success in Lower Urinary Disease = Correct Classification The essence of this session was clear: collect urine correctly interpret the pH–dipstick–sediment trio accurately complete the picture with ultrasound determine whether it is cystitis, FLUTD, stones, prostate disease, or incontinence select treatment accordingly Lower urinary tract disease is not something solved by “just giving an antibiotic.” If you correctly name what you are treating, half of the clinical work is already done. We will continue sharing key takeaways from the sessions of VetSummit 2025: New Horizons in Veterinary Clinical Sciences, sponsored by the Kito Healthy Pet Nutrition Ecosystem. See you in our upcoming content that will support your clinical practice. For more information about Kito, you can visit www.kito.pet, follow our social media accounts, or contact us at info@kito.pet.